Eggplant ya fito ne daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya, don haka yana son yanayin zafi mai zafi da na wurare masu zafi. Tuni fiye da shekaru 1500 da suka wuce, an noma da girma a cikin kasar Sin da kuma a cikin kasashen tsakiyar Asiya. Wannan kayan lambu ya yada godiya ga Larabawa, waɗanda suka kawo eggplant zuwa Afirka da Bahar Rum na Turai.
Eggplantko duhun dare (Solanum melongena) wani nau’in tsire-tsire ne na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire na Nightshade (solanum), shahararren kayan lambu. An kuma san shi da badridjan (da wuya bubrijan), kuma a cikin yankunan kudancin Rasha ana kiran eggplants blue.
Shahararren matafiyi AB Clot-Bey, ya yi tafiya a Masar da kuma kwatanta shuke-shuken lambu, ya lura cewa a cikin ƙasar ana kiran eggplant kokwamba na Armenia (kada a ruɗe shi da kokwamba na Armeniya – nau’in Melon), wanda ya zo cikin nau’i biyu na fari da purple. .
Eggplant. © Allison Turrell
Eggplants ba kawai launi mai duhu shuɗi na yau da kullun ba, amma a cikin su akwai cikakkiyar farin, kuma kusan baki, rawaya da launin ruwan kasa. Siffar su kuma ta bambanta – daga cylindrical zuwa nau’in pear da mai siffar zobe.
Eggplant shine tsire-tsire mai tsire-tsire tare da tsayin 40 zuwa 150 cm. Ganyen suna da girma, madaidaici, masu kauri, a wasu nau’ikan da launin shuɗi. Furen furanni bisexual, purple, 2.5-5 cm a diamita; kadaici ko a cikin inflorescences – Semi-laima na furanni 2-7. Eggplant blooms daga Yuli zuwa Satumba.
‘Ya’yan itacen eggplant babban zagaye ne, mai siffar pear ko Berry cylindrical; saman ‘ya’yan itace matte ne ko mai sheki. Ya kai tsayin 70 cm, a diamita – 20 cm; nauyi 0.4-1 kg. Launin ‘ya’yan itatuwa masu girma daga launin toka-kore zuwa launin ruwan kasa-rawaya.
Eggplant. © Aikin lambu a cikin minti daya
Idan sun cika, sai su zama m kuma ba su da ɗanɗano, don haka ana amfani da su don abinci kaɗan. A cikin ‘ya’yan itatuwa da ba su da tushe, launi ya bambanta daga haske mai launin shuɗi zuwa shunayya mai duhu. Eggplant tsaba suna da ƙananan, lebur, launin ruwan kasa; girma a watan Agusta-Oktoba.
Noma
Ƙasar waje
Ana sanya ƙwai bayan fari fari ko farin kabeji, cucumbers, legumes da koren amfanin gona. Idan wurin ba rana ba ne, samar da ingantaccen kariya daga iska mai sanyi ta hanyar dasa tsire-tsire na rocker.
A cikin kaka, bayan girbi wanda ya gabace shi, ana sassaukar da ƙasa ba da ɗanɗano tare da fartanya don tada ƙwayar ciyawa. Makonni biyu bayan haka, an tono shi har zuwa zurfin bayonet na spade, ba tare da karya clods ba. Don tono, ana ƙara takin ko peat (4-6 kg a kowace 1 m²) da cakuda lambun ma’adinai ko nitroammophoska (70 g a kowace m²). Kasa acidic lemun tsami ne.
A farkon bazara, ana yayyafa ƙasa da rake na ƙarfe kuma a ajiye shi har sai an dasa. A ranar dasa, sai su tono shi, su rika shafa taki (400 g kowace rijiya), idan ba a samu nasarar shafa su a cikin kaka ba.
Eggplants sun fi girma a cikin gadaje masu rufi ko ridges. A tsakiyar gado mai faɗi 90-100 cm, an haƙa rami mai faɗi 20-30 cm kuma zurfin 15-20 cm. Ana sanya kayan sassautawa (humus, sawdust, yashi, yankan bambaro gauraye da ƙasa) a ciki kuma an rufe komai da ƙasa a hankali. Ana shuka tsire-tsire a bangarorin biyu na wannan tsagi. Tushen, shiga zurfi, suna samun abubuwan gina jiki da oxygen da suke bukata.
A cikin yankin da ba chernozem na Rasha eggplant girma daga seedlings. Ana shuka iri a cikin greenhouses ko greenhouses na kwanaki 60 na dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa. A cikin yankin Moscow, wannan shine ƙarshen Fabrairu – farkon Maris.
Ana yin shuka a cikin kwalaye (tare da ɗauka na gaba) ko a cikin tukwane (ba tare da ɗauka ba). Abubuwan da ke tattare da cakuda ƙasa na iya zama daban-daban, alal misali: ƙasa soddy da humus (2: 1), ƙasa soddy, peat da yashi (4: 5: 1), peat, sawdust da mullein diluted da ruwa (3: 1: 1). 0,5). An kara (g da 10 kg): ammonium sulfate – 12, superphosphate da potassium gishiri – 40 kowanne. Ana sanya cakuda da aka shirya a cikin kwalaye da daidaitawa. Kwana 1 kafin shuka, ana shayar da shi sosai da ruwan dumi.
Eggplant. © jcabaldi
Idan tsaba ba su girma ba, to, seedlings suna bayyana bayan kwanaki 8-10, germinated – bayan kwanaki 4-5. Ana ba da seedlings tare da haske mai kyau, kuma ana rage yawan zafin jiki zuwa 15-18 ° C, don haka tushen tsarin ya inganta mafi kyau.
Bayan bayyanar ganye na gaskiya na farko, tsire-tsire suna nutsewa ɗaya bayan ɗaya cikin tukwane mai girman 10 × 10 cm. An zaɓi tsire-tsire masu ƙarfi, lafiyayye, ingantaccen ci gaba. Don kwanaki 2-3, har sai sun yi tushe, inuwar seedlings suna inuwa da takarda daga hasken rana. Tun da eggplants talauci mayar da tushen tsarin, ba su jure wa daukana da kyau.
Tare da rauni mai girma na seedlings, saman miya ya zama dole. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da maganin zubar da tsuntsaye (1:15) ko mullein (1:10), fermented na akalla kwanaki 2-3 (guga da 1 m²), cikakken takin ma’adinai (50 g da 10 l na ruwa). ). Bayan ciyarwa, don kauce wa ƙonawa, dole ne a shayar da tsire-tsire tare da ruwa mai dumi mai tsabta daga mai shayarwa tare da mai laushi ko fesa.
Kulawar seedling ya ƙunshi shayarwa na yau da kullun, sassauta weeds da takin zamani. Ban ruwa yana kare tsire-tsire daga daɗaɗɗen lignification na tushe, wanda a ƙarshe yana haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa. Amma bai kamata ku yi amfani da ƙasa da yawa ba: wannan yana rinjayar yanayin shuke-shuke da girbi na gaba. Bugu da kari, yawan zafin jiki da zafi mai zafi suna lalata tsirrai. Ana yin shayarwa da takin gargajiya da safe.
Makonni biyu kafin dasa shuki, ana shirya seedlings don yanayin buɗe ƙasa: an rage yawan ban ruwa, iska tana da iska sosai. Kwanaki 5-10 kafin dasawa, ana fesa tsire-tsire tare da maganin 0,5% na jan karfe sulfate. A Hauwa’u na saukowa, atypical, raunana da marasa lafiya an ƙi. Seedlings suna shayar da yawa. Tsire-tsire masu girma da kyau ya kamata su kasance ƙasa, tare da tsarin tushen da aka haɓaka, mai kauri mai kauri, ganye biyar zuwa shida da manyan buds.
Ana shuka tsaba a cikin ƙasa buɗe lokacin da ƙasa ta yi zafi har zuwa zazzabi na 12-15 ° C kuma haɗarin sanyin bazara na ƙarshe ya wuce. Wannan yawanci yana faruwa a cikin shekaru goma na farkon Yuni. Amma idan kun kare tsire-tsire tare da firam ɗin fim (an shigar da su a kan gadaje mako guda kafin dasa shuki), to ana iya dasa eggplants a ƙarshen Mayu.
A kan gadaje, ana shuka eggplants tare da kintinkiri guda biyu (nisa tsakanin kintinkiri shine 60-70 cm, tsakanin layin shine 40, tsakanin tsire-tsire shine 30-40 cm). A kan tudu, dasa shuki a jere daya (nisa tsakanin layuka 60-70 cm da tsakanin tsire-tsire 30-35 cm). A kan ƙasa mai haske, ana dasa eggplants a kan shimfidar wuri bisa ga makircin 60 × 60 ko 70 × 30 cm (shuka ɗaya a kowane rami) ko 70 × 70 cm (tsari biyu a kowane rami). Ana shirya rijiyoyin da nisa da zurfin 15-20 cm a gaba. Kafin dasa shuki, an zurfafa su, an sassauta ƙasa kuma ana shayar da su.
Seedlings tare da clod na ƙasa suna a hankali saki daga seedling akwati. A cikin tukwane na peat, ƙasa ya karye don ingantaccen tsarin tushen bayan dasa shuki. Seedlings ana shuka su a tsaye, zurfafa zuwa ga ganye na gaskiya na farko. Ƙasar da ke kewaye da tsire-tsire tana da kyau sosai kuma an shayar da ita nan da nan.
Eggplant seedling. © Suzie’s Farm
Lokacin dasa shuki a cikin yanayin girgije, tsire-tsire suna samun tushe mafi kyau. Seedlings da aka dasa a rana mai zafi suna inuwa kowace rana (daga 10 na safe zuwa 16 na yamma) har sai tsiron ya yi tushe. Mako guda bayan dasa shuki, ana dasa sababbi a madadin tsiron da suka fadi. Lokacin da yanayin sanyi ya dawo, tsire-tsire suna rufe da kayan dumi don dare.
ƙasa mai kariya
Eggplants suna girma mafi kyau a cikin greenhouses, inda aka halicci yanayi masu kyau a gare su.
Dole ne ƙasa ta zama sako-sako da kuma mai yuwuwa. A cikin bazara, ana haƙa ƙasa, an ƙara takin ko humus (4-5 kg a kowace 1 m²) da cakuda ma’adinai (70 g a kowace 1 m²). Bayan haka, an daidaita ƙasa kuma ana shayar da shi.
Ana shuka tsaba a cikin tukwane tare da diamita na 10-20 cm ko a cikin jaka filastik (tsari biyu kowanne). An dasa shi a cikin greenhouses mai zafi a ƙarshen Maris – farkon Afrilu yana da shekaru 45-50, a cikin rashin zafi – a farkon watan Mayu yana da shekaru 60-70.
Ana shuka tsaba a kan gadaje (wanda ya fi dacewa), ridges ko shimfidar wuri. Ana sanya tsire-tsire tare da kaset ɗin layi guda biyu (nisa tsakanin layin shine 40-50 cm, tsakanin manyan layuka shine 80, tsakanin tsirrai shine 35-45 cm).
Bayan dasa shuki, nan da nan ana ɗaure eggplants akan trellises, kamar tumatir. Kulawa ya ƙunshi taki, shayarwa, sassautawa, ciyawa, kariyar sanyi.
Ana yin suturar farko ta kwanaki 15-20 bayan dasa shuki, gabatar da urea (10-15 g da lita 10 na ruwa). A farkon ‘ya’yan itace, ana ciyar da eggplants tare da bayani na mullein sabo (1: 5) tare da ƙari na superphosphate (30-40 g a cikin lita 10 na ruwa). Kowace mako biyu, ana amfani da suturar saman tare da maganin ash na itace (200 g da lita 10 na ruwa) ko takin ma’adinai (grams da lita 10 na ruwa):
- ammonium nitrate – 15-20;
- superphosphate – 40-50;
- potassium chloride – 15-20.
Eggplant. © Rosa Say
Bayan babban sutura, ana shayar da tsire-tsire da ruwa mai tsabta don wanke ragowar maganin.
Eggplants suna shayar da yawa, a ƙarƙashin tushen, kamar yadda rashin danshi ya rage yawan aiki, yana ƙaruwa da haushi da rashin tausayi na ‘ya’yan itace. Amma kuma ba za a yarda da zubar ruwa ba. Bayan kowane shayarwa, ana sassauta ƙasa zuwa zurfin 3-5 cm. Ana cire ciyawa bisa tsari.
Gine-gine suna yin iska akai-akai, suna hana zafi da zafi mai zafi: wannan yana taimakawa wajen haifuwa na aphids. A watan Mayu, shigar da ƙwayar dankalin turawa ta Colorado a cikin greenhouses yana yiwuwa, sabili da haka, ana bincika ƙananan ganye a kai a kai kuma an lalata ƙwai da aka samu. Yawan amfanin gonar eggplant tare da babban matakin fasahar aikin gona ya kai 6-8 kg a kowace 1 m².
Eggplants suna aiki da kyau a cikin greenhouses (ana shuka tsire-tsire tara a ƙarƙashin firam). Ana kuma girma a baranda. Ana dasa shuki a ƙarshen Mayu – farkon Yuni a cikin manyan tukwane tare da diamita na 10-40 cm da zurfin 30 cm.
Kulawa
Shuka yana buƙatar zafi da son danshi. Tsirrai suna tsiro a zafin da ba ƙasa da 15 ° C ba. Idan zafin jiki ya wuce 25-30 ° C, to, harbe sun riga sun bayyana a ranar 8-9th. Mafi kyawun zafin jiki don girma da haɓaka shine 22-30 ° C. A yanayin zafi da yawa kuma tare da rashin isasshen zafi a cikin iska da ƙasa, tsire-tsire suna sauke furanni. Idan zafin iska ya faɗi zuwa 12 ° C, to, eggplants daina haɓakawa. Gabaɗaya, suna haɓaka sannu a hankali fiye da tumatir.
Suna bukatar a shayar da su sosai. Rashin danshi na ƙasa yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa, yana ƙaruwa da haushi da rashin tausayi na ‘ya’yan itace. Amma zubar ruwa kuma ba shi da kyau, a cikin mummunan yanayi mai tsayi, alal misali, eggplants na iya fama da cututtuka.
Eggplant. © wwworks
Mafi kyawun ƙasa don wannan shuka kayan lambu zai zama haske, tsari, da takin mai kyau.
An lura da shi: tare da rashin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa, ci gaban saman yana raguwa, kuma wannan yayi alkawarin rage yawan amfanin ƙasa (‘ya’yan itatuwa za a ɗaure). Phosphate da takin mai magani ya shafi ci gaban tushen, samuwar buds, ovaries, da kuma hanzarta ripening ‘ya’yan itatuwa. Potassium yana ba da gudummawa ga tarin carbohydrates masu aiki. Tare da rashin potassium a cikin ƙasa, ci gaban eggplant yana tsayawa, launin ruwan kasa yana bayyana a gefuna na ganye da ‘ya’yan itatuwa. Domin shuka ya zama lafiya, microelements kuma wajibi ne: gishiri na manganese, boron, baƙin ƙarfe, wanda ake buƙatar amfani da 10 m2 0,05-0,25 g kowace.
Don tumatir, barkono da eggplant, mafi kyawun riguna na tushen sun fito ne daga cakuda ƙasa da aka shirya tare da babban abun ciki na humus, kwayoyin halitta; macro-, microelements, girma stimulants – wadannan su ne “Signor Tumatir”, “Fertility”, “Breadwinner”, “Bogatyr” kayan lambu – “Giant”.
Don ƙarin kayan abinci na sama don shuke-shuke – “Impulse +”. Taki yana inganta samuwar ovaries, yana ƙara juriya na tsire-tsire zuwa cututtukan fungal, yana haɓaka ripening ‘ya’yan itatuwa.
iri
A al’adance, eggplant wani ‘ya’yan itace ne mai launin shuɗi. Amma masana kimiyya-masu shayarwa sun dade da nisa daga al’adun gargajiya kuma suna haifar da sababbin iri, suna ba mu mamaki da launi, siffar, girman da yawan amfanin ƙasa.
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