Zai ze, me ya sa a kan aikin ƙudan zuma da pollinate shuke-shuke da hannu? Duk da haka, akwai dalilai da yawa na wannan, babban abin da ke karuwa a yawan aiki. Kuma wannan ya riga ya yi yawa. Waɗannan ƙwarewa masu sauƙi suna da sauƙin koyo kuma suna iya zama da amfani ga masu son mai son da ƙwararrun lambu. Yayin da kuke samun gogewa ta amfani da pollination na hannu, zaku iya gwada hannunku wajen ƙirƙirar sabon nau’ikan furanni ko kayan lambu.
Ta yaya kuma me yasa ake pollinate shuke-shuke da hannu?
Abubuwan da ke ciki:
Amfanin pollination na hannu
Pollination na hannu shine canja wurin pollen daga stamen (bangaren namiji na fure) zuwa pistil (bangaren furen) da hannu ba tare da sa hannun kwari ba. Manufar pollination na hannu shine don taimakawa tsire-tsire a cikin tsarin haihuwa.
Bayan ‘ya’yan pollen sun kasance a kan abin ƙyama na pistil, suna samar da bututun pollen da ke haɗa abin kunya da ovary. Da zarar bututun pollen ya shirya, ƙwayar pollen zai aika da maniyyi zuwa kwai. Lokacin da maniyyi ya kai ƙwai, hadi yana faruwa, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga samuwar iri. Kuma idan babu iri, ba za a sami ‘ya’yan itace ba.
Kudan zuma sune mafi kyawun pollinators a duniya ga yawancin amfanin gonakin mu, saboda an gina jikinsu don riƙe ɓangarorin pollen masu ɗanɗano. Hakanan ana iya aiwatar da pollination ta kwari, beetles, tsuntsaye, malam buɗe ido da sauran halittu masu yawa. Abin baƙin ciki, a cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, magungunan kashe qwari da ayyukan noma mai tsanani sun yi mummunar illa ga nau’in kwari da yawa, ciki har da kudan zuma.
Babu wani yanayi da ba mu ji wani yana korafin cewa tumatir, cucumbers ko zucchini ba su ba da ‘ya’yan itace ba. Zai zama kamar tsire-tsire sun girma kuma sun yi fure da kyau, amma ‘ya’yan itace ba su da mahimmanci ko babu. Kuma sau da yawa wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa pollination bai isa ba. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa’idodin pollination na hannu shine ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa duk da raguwar yawan masu pollinators.
A wasu sassa na kasar Sin, an riga an riga an gurbata gonakin gona da hannu kawai (musamman gonakin apple da pear a Sichuan a kudu maso yammacin kasar Sin). Ana tilasta wa masu lambu yin haka saboda isassun pollination ba ya faruwa ta halitta saboda babu isassun kudan zuma a yankin. Dalili kuwa shi ne, ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari sosai a kasar Sin, inda ake yin aikin noma sosai. A wasu yankuna na kasar Sin, duk da haka, akwai kusurwowin daji kadan. Wannan yana nufin cewa masu lambu ba su da wani zaɓi, ko dai ba sa samun girbi, ko pollination lambun su da kansu.
Halin da muke ciki, abin farin ciki, har yanzu bai kasance abin takaici ba, duk da haka, ana samun raguwar adadin masu kada kuri’a a kasarmu.
Akwai manyan dalilai guda uku na shuke-shuke pollinating hannu:
- Yiwuwar samun nasarar pollination yana ƙaruwa, musamman idan babu ƙudan zuma da sauran masu pollinators. Misali, masu noman kabewa kusan su kadai suke yi da furannin mata don tabbatar da samar da ‘ya’yan itace masu kyau. Masu lambu sau da yawa sai su yi pollination masara da hannu don tabbatar da cikakken kunne. Babu masu pollinators a cikin greenhouse, don haka pollination na hannu ya zama dole.
- Yana yiwuwa a ketare nau’ikan pollinate guda biyu don ƙirƙirar sabon nau’in nau’in shuka na musamman. Ana yin haka ne domin samun sabbin launukan furanni, juriya na cututtuka ko wasu halaye na kwayoyin halitta. Ana kiran wannan tsari hybridization.
- Kariya na shuka daga pollination na kai, wanda ke kiyaye tsabtar nau’in iri-iri kuma yana ajiyewa akan siyan tsaba.
Manual pollination na tumatir
Karanta kuma labarin mu Ketare daylilies – muna girma namu na musamman matasan.
Pollination na hannu na tumatir, eggplants da barkono
Hanya mafi sauƙi ta hannun pollinate ita ce kawai girgiza shuka gaba ɗaya. Wannan hanya tana da tasiri ga amfanin gona da ke da furanni na hermaphrodite (kai-pollinating) da ke dauke da sassan maza da mata. Tsire-tsire na lambu tare da furanni na hermaphrodite suna da yawa, musamman, sun haɗa da tumatir, barkono da eggplants.
Yawancin lokaci, iska ko ziyarar pollinator ya ishe su. Amma sau da yawa lokacin da ake shuka waɗannan tsire-tsire a wuraren da aka keɓe kamar greenhouse ko sill taga, ko kuma a wuraren da yawan masu pollinators ba su da yawa, irin waɗannan tsire-tsire suna buƙatar taimakonmu. Girgizawar bushes yawanci isa don taimakawa furanni hermaphrodite a cikin tsarin haifuwa na jima’i – girgiza tsire-tsire yana ba da damar pollen ta faɗo daga anthers zuwa stigma na pistil. Mafi kyawun lokaci don wannan hanya shine tsakar rana, lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya yi girma kuma zafi ya ragu. Bisa ga wasu shawarwari, lokaci mai kyau don pollination shi ma da sassafe bayan raɓa ya bushe.
Hanya ta biyu ita ce pollination tare da goga. Duk abin da kuke buƙata don wannan ƙaramin goga ne. Tushen auduga ko alkalami shima zai yi aiki. Goga ko auduga ya kamata ya zama mai tsabta kuma ya bushe. Pollen yana manne da bristles na goga kamar yadda gashin gashi a jikin kudan zuma, don haka irin wannan kayan aiki yana da tasiri sosai. Don pollination tare da goga ko auduga swab, wajibi ne a shiga cikin tsakiyar furen kuma girgiza shi kadan.
Wata hanyar asali ta asali don gurbata tsire-tsire masu yin pollining kai shine amfani da buroshin hakori na lantarki. Wannan na’ura na iya taimakawa wajen lalata irin waɗannan tsire-tsire, saboda girgizar goga tana kama da girgiza fuka-fukin kudan zuma. Lokacin da ƙudan zuma suka ziyarci furanni, fiɗar fuka-fukan su na taimakawa wajen kawar da pollen a kan abin ƙyama. Yi kwatankwacin wannan ta hanyar ɗora buroshin hakori na lantarki a kan tushen buroshin furen kuma kunna shi.
Karanta kuma labarinmu Ƙananan ma’aikata na babban girbi – game da rawar pollinators a cikin rayuwar shuka.
Pollination na hannu na cucurbits
Abubuwan amfanin gona irin su kabewa, cucumbers, zucchini, kankana da kankana tsire-tsire ne masu kama da juna. Suna da furanni maza da mata akan shuka iri ɗaya, tare da kowane fure ɗaya yana ɗauke da sassan namiji ko na mace. Cross-pollination ya fi rikitarwa, saboda pollen ana canjawa wuri daga anther na daya flower (namiji) zuwa stigma na wani flower (mace).
Membobin dangin Cucurbitaceae galibi suna samar da furanni na maza da farko. Furen mata, waɗanda suka bayyana daga baya, suna da tsari mai kama da ƙananan ‘ya’yan itace kuma ana iya bambanta su cikin sauƙi. Furen mata suna bayyana akan shuka, yawanci mako ɗaya ko biyu bayan furannin maza sun fara bayyana. Bayan haka, duka furanni maza da mata ya kamata su kasance a kan shuka a lokaci guda don duk lokacin furanni.
Babban manufar yin pollinating cucurbits shine don canja wurin pollen daga namiji zuwa furen mace lokacin da ƙudan zuma ba za su iya yin aikin ba. Don yin pollinate kabewa, kankana, da cucumbers da hannu, yayyage furen daga furen namiji don fallasa tururuwa a tsakiya. Bayan haka, ta yin amfani da ƙaramin goga ko swab auduga, canja wurin pollen daga gare ta zuwa pistil na furen mace. Tabbatar da sabunta goga tare da pollen kowane ƴan bugun jini. Hakanan za’a iya debo furen namiji da aka cire petals a yi amfani da shi don shafan pistils na furannin mata.
Abin sha’awa, ana iya adana pollen balagagge a cikin firiji na kwanaki da yawa. Idan har yanzu ba a sami furanni na mace ba, yanke wasu furannin maza da ke buɗe. Sanya su a cikin kwalban ruwa (kamar furanni a cikin gilashin gilashi) kuma a sanyaya. Lokacin da furannin mata suka buɗe, za ku sami pollen da za ku yi amfani da su.
Idan shukar ku ba ta fara ‘ya’yan itace ‘yan kwanaki bayan pollination ba, yana yiwuwa wasu matsalolin suna tsoma baki tare da girbin ku. Rashin ruwa, rashin hasken rana, rashin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin ƙasa, ko yanayin yanayin da bai dace ba kuma na iya haifar da tsirran su adana makamashi kuma su kasa samarwa. Misali, yawan zafin dare zai kiyaye tumatir, cucumbers, da sauran kayan lambu daga ‘ya’yan itace duk da pollination mai kyau.
Manual pollination na squash
Hannun pollination na masara
Masara, yayin da ba ta samar da furanni masu ban sha’awa, tana da furanni maza da mata a kowace shuka. Furen namiji ana kiran su panicles kuma suna saman tushe. Yayin da yake girma, ana zubar da pollen daga tsakiyar kunne zuwa ƙasa. Sassan mata na tushe suna cikin axils na ganye, kuma furannin mata ana kiran su stigmas.
Ana haɗa kowane nau’i na ƙyama da ƙwayar masara ɗaya. Pollination yana faruwa lokacin da pollen ya taɓa filament. Yana da alama cewa pollination na masara ya kamata ya zama tsari mai sauƙi – pollen da ke tashi daga panicle ya kamata ya lalata abubuwan da ke ƙasa. Duk da haka, ba haka ba ne. 97% na pollination a kan cob ya fito ne daga wasu shuke-shuke, don haka yana da muhimmanci a san lokacin da yadda ake pollination masara. Musamman, don haɓaka pollination na iska, ya kamata a dasa masara a cikin tubalan maimakon a cikin layuka masu tsayi masu tsayi.
Don pollination masara yadda ya kamata, jira har sai panicles sun cika buɗewa kuma su fara zubar da pollen rawaya. Wannan yawanci yana farawa kwanaki biyu zuwa uku kafin bayyanar da rashin jin daɗi daga tayin kuma zai ci gaba har tsawon mako guda. Da zaran abin kunya ya bayyana, za ku iya fara pollinating da masara da hannu. Yawancin pollen suna fadowa tsakanin karfe 9 zuwa 11 na safe, bayan raɓa na safiya ta bushe. Sanyi, ruwan sama ko ruwan sama na iya rage pollination.
Don pollination, yanke panicles daga mai tushe da yawa kuma a yi amfani da su kamar goga mai ƙura. Dole ne a yi irin wannan magudin kusa da kowane tayin tare da abin kunya.
Kuna iya yin alamar shafi wannan shafi
