Winter birgima kasa. Spring ci gaba da buga kofa, tunatarwa: lokaci yayi da za a shirya don shuka seedlings. Shuka tsire-tsire yana ba da kyakkyawar farawa ga kayan lambu masu son zafi na kudu waɗanda ba sa jure wa yanayin zafi kaɗan. Dasa tsire-tsire masu girma a cikin bude ko ƙasa mai kariya yana ba ku damar yin girma da wuri-wuri da farkon girbi a kudu, samun amfanin gona mai girma lokacin da aka dasa shi a cikin ƙasa a cikin yankuna masu sanyi, inda sanyin kaka ya fara a watan Agusta da ‘ya’yan itatuwa na kayan lambu. tare da dogon girma kakar ba su da lokaci zuwa ripen. Duk aikin farko, shuka da kula da tsire-tsire kusan iri ɗaya ne, amma har yanzu girma shine tsari mai rikitarwa wanda ke buƙatar kulawa, daidaito da haƙuri. Ketare bukatun shuka don yanayin girma da haɓaka yana haifar da jerin matsalolin da ke buƙatar mafita nan da nan.
Seedling na kabeji. © doidam10
Don girma seedlings lafiya, yana da mahimmanci kada ku yi kuskure, kuma idan sun faru, da sauri sami mafita mai kyau. Labarin ya ba da shawara don sanin manyan matsalolin da ke faruwa a cikin tsarin girma seedlings, da hanyoyin magance su.
Abubuwan da ke ciki:
1. Tsaba ba su yi girma ba, an samo tsire-tsire guda ɗaya
Don wane dalili hakan ya faru?
Dalilin yana iya zama iri mara inganci. Tsaba sun rage germination makamashi da seedling friendliness. Zurfin jeri iri ya karye.
Yadda za a hana?
Don guje wa ƙananan ƙarancin ƙarancin ciyayi, yakamata a yi amfani da tsaba masu inganci koyaushe don shuka, inda aka nuna duk alamun da ake buƙata akan jakar: adadin tsaba, lokacin germination, kashi da makamashi na germination, rayuwar shiryayye da sauran su. data.
Idan an shirya tsaba da kansu, to dole ne a daidaita su, raba haske da nauyi. Cikakkun iri dole ne a shafe su. Duba germination iri kafin shuka.
Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da bayani mai ƙarfafawa da shuka tare da tara (sprouted) tsaba.
Tsaba da aka shuka don seedlings ba sa girma. © lambu mai shakka
2. Tsirrai suna tsiro a hankali da rashin daidaituwa
Don wane dalili hakan ya faru?
Rashin ingancin iri. Kayan amfanin gona daban-daban suna da girman iri daban-daban. Saboda haka, ana shuka tsaba a zurfin daban-daban.
Gaggawa rashin daidaituwa ko binne shuka shima zai haifar da raguwa ko rashin daidaituwa, shimfiɗa cikin lokaci, tsiro.
Rashin ingancin substrate. A substrate taka muhimmiyar rawa a samun abokantaka da kuma lokacin harbe harbe. Dalilin za a iya zaɓin da ba daidai ba kuma a shirya cakuda ƙasa (ƙasar yumbu mai nauyi daga gonar, ba ƙasa mai lalata ba, da sauran dalilai).
Kula da kayan mu: Yadda za a shirya ƙasa don seedlings?
Cin zarafin tsarin zafin jiki da zafi na ƙasa. An shuka tsaba a cikin sanyi, ƙasa mai cike da ruwa da kuma ƙwaya (sprouted) tsaba sun shaƙa saboda rashin iskar oxygen, kuma farkon tushen ya lalace daga ƙananan zafin jiki. Lokacin da aka yi zafi sosai, an shayar da tsaba a cikin ƙasa mai ɗumi sosai.
Ruwa na iya tsayawa a kasan tankin shuka idan kun manta da yin ramukan magudanar ruwa a cikin ƙasa ko kuma an toshe su da ƙasa mai yawa – duba!
M harbe na tsaba sown a kan seedlings. © lambu mai shakka
Yadda za a hana?
Wajibi ne a hankali a bi duk buƙatun agrotechnical don shuka iri don seedlings.
Idan an ruɗe ku da zurfin jeri iri, zaku iya kewaya ta hanyar sifa mai zuwa: an binne tsaba zuwa tsayin iri, ko fiye da diamita biyu.
Yana da matukar muhimmanci ga samun abokantaka harbe na seedlings lura da uniformity na iri jeri. Tumatir, kararrawa da barkono mai ɗaci, eggplants kusa da zurfin ba fiye da 1,0-1,5 cm ba.
Ƙananan, ƙananan tsaba (seleri, faski, letas) suna gauraye da yashi mai laushi mai laushi, foda da alli da kuma shuka a saman da aka shirya. Ana shuka shuka daga sama tare da yashi na bakin ciki, humus, busassun busassun busassun da aka shuka iri.
Dole ne a kula da ingantaccen substrate don shuka tsaba don seedlings a gaba. Ya fi dacewa ga masu farawa su sayi ƙasa da aka shirya don seedlings a cikin kantin sayar da. Samun gwaninta, shirya da kanka, bisa ga shawarwarin, cakuda ƙasa mai haske, ruwa- da numfashi, wanda ya ƙunshi humus, da takin mai magani tare da takin ma’adinai.
Domin tsaba su samar da abokantaka, harbe masu dacewa, wajibi ne a shayar da ƙasa da kyau kafin shuka, dole ne a zubar da ruwa mai yawa a cikin trays. Bayan shayarwa, ba da kwanaki biyu na laka don ƙasa ta girma kuma ta dumi har zuwa +18 … + 20 ° C. Cikakkar ƙasa kada ta kasance jika, amma damshi. Yana da sauƙi crumble lokacin da kafa seeding grooves. Yanayin zafin jiki don bayyanar seedlings ya kamata ya zama +20 … +25 ° C, kuma nan da nan bayan harbe-harbe dole ne a rage shi zuwa +16 … +18 ° C. Bayan shuka, kafin germination, yana da kyau kada a shayar da ƙasa, amma a fesa shi don kada ɓawon ƙasa ya yi.
Idan matakan da aka ɗauka ba su magance matsalolin samun harbe-harbe na abokantaka na lokaci ba, kuma duk lokacin ƙarshe ya wuce, to yana da ma’ana (musamman idan lokacin seedling shine kwanaki 4-8) don sake shuka tsaba a cikin wani yanki, biyo baya. duk hanyoyin da suka wajaba.
3. Zauren shuka
Babban matsala na gaba bayan germination shine wurin zama na seedling. Zai yi kama da cewa komai yana da kyau. An samu harbe-harbe masu yawa. Mun riga mun cire fim din daga mini-greenhouses da sake shirya kwantena tare da seedlings zuwa taga da … ba zato ba tsammani, da seedlings fara karkatarwa da masauki.
Don wane dalili hakan ya faru?
Dalili na iya zama wuce haddi na shuka kudi. Wani lokaci (musamman mafari), don rashin jin daɗi, suna shuka ka’idodin iri 1,5-2,0. Mafi sau da yawa ana amfani da wannan fasaha lokacin shuka manyan wurare (seedlings don siyarwa ko don wasu buƙatu). Tare da ingancin iri mai kyau, tsire-tsire masu ƙaƙƙarfan abokantaka za su fara yaƙi don haskakawa, danshi da abinci mai gina jiki, kuma masu rauni da ciyayi masu tsauri za su murkushe. Seedlings za su fara girma unevenly. Wanda ya fi tsayi kuma mai ƙarfi zai karkata zuwa ƙarin haske ( masauki mai gefe ɗaya).
Gidajen seedlings. © Sauly
Yadda za a hana?
Koyaushe shuka iri a ƙayyadadden ƙimar. Kuna iya ƙetare ƙimar shuka da ba fiye da 5-10%. Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da tsaba na shuka a cikin kaset, tukwane na peat ko kofuna na filastik. Tare da wannan hanyar noma, ana iya lura da yawan shuka a cikin sauƙi kuma tsire-tsire ba su shafar cututtukan fungal da kwayan cuta.
Me za a yi?
Tare da ƙananan harbe na seedlings, pinching ya kamata a aiwatar nan da nan. A hankali, a matakin ƙasa, tsunkule kashe (ba tare da cirewa ba) ƙananan harbe. Tare da shuka a jere, nisa tsakanin seedlings shine 1,5-2,0 cm a jere, kuma tare da shuka da aka warwatse, kusan yanki ɗaya a kusa da kewaye. Wannan dabarar za ta samar da mafi yawan kwararar iska mai kyau, inganta haske da abinci mai gina jiki ga kowane seedling.
Idan ana aiwatar da shuka a cikin tukwane daban-daban ko kofuna waɗanda, ana shuka tsaba 2-3 kuma bayan germination, ana cire tsire-tsire masu rauni (ta tsinke), barin ɗayan mafi haɓaka.
4. Janye shuka
Kafin germination, seedlings na gaba ba sa buƙatar hasken wuta, sabili da haka an cire amfanin gona daga hasken wuta, an rufe shi da kayan da ba a sani ba. Wani lokaci, bayan germination, shuke-shuke da aka fallasa zuwa wani wuri mai haske suna farawa da karfi, mai tushe ya zama bakin ciki kuma ya fada ƙasa.
Don wane dalili ne hakan ya faru?
Babban dalili na iya zama rashin haske. A cikin gwagwarmaya don adadin haske, shimfidar tsire-tsire ta gefe ɗaya ta fara. Rashin haske za a iya danganta shi da datti na taga, ƙara yawan shayarwa, tsire-tsire masu girma. Ƙananan mai tushe sun lanƙwasa zuwa haske. Ba su miƙe tsaye, suna kwance. A wannan lokacin, yuwuwar cutar cututtukan seedlings yana da yawa.
Wani dalili kuma na iya zama yawan zafin iska da danshin ƙasa.
Sau da yawa, yawan shayarwa – dalilin da ya haifar da bayyanar sprouts bayan fitowar.
Jawo fitar da tumatir tumatir. © dianazh
Yadda za a hana?
Don yin wannan, bayan harbe na farko (kimanin a cikin kwanaki 3 na farko), ana canza kwantena zuwa windowssills, kusa da hasken halitta. Mafi kyau a wannan batun shine wurin kudancin windows. An riga an wanke tagar windows na greenhouses daga ƙura da datti. Sanya ƙarin haske.
Ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin tsire-tsire ya kamata ya zama m matsakaici. Lokacin shayar da makonni 2 na farko, kuna buƙatar kare tsire-tsire daga ruwa. Ana yin shayarwa da kyau kafin karfe 12 na rana. Ruwa don ban ruwa ya kamata a mai tsanani zuwa +18…+20 °C. Jerin watering shine sau 1-2 a mako. Ana buƙatar shayarwa ta gaba lokacin da ɓawon burodi na busasshen ƙasa ya fito. Lokacin girma a gida, ana shayar da tsire-tsire tare da gefen akwati, a cikin greenhouse – tare da furrows.
Me za a yi?
Don ci gaban al’ada da haɓaka, seedlings suna buƙatar haske don sa’o’i 12-14 a rana. A cikin Fabrairu-Maris, sa’o’in hasken rana sun fi guntu kuma hasken hasken ya ragu. Tsire-tsire suna karɓar kashi 50% na hasken da ake buƙata kawai. A ƙananan ƙarfin haske, tsire-tsire suna chlorotic, shimfiɗawa da lanƙwasa zuwa tushen haske.
Don ƙarin hasken wuta, zaku iya amfani da phytolamps, fitilolin kyalli, fitilun LED. Hasken seedlings yawanci ana aiwatar da shi daga karfe 7 na safe zuwa 20 na yamma. Don haɓaka haske na hasken wucin gadi lokacin girma seedlings a gida, zaku iya shigar da allon bango mai haske a gefen taga.
Don dakatar da cire tsire-tsire, wajibi ne don rage danshi na ƙasa. Don yin wannan, a hankali tada tsire-tsire da suka fadi kuma a bushe ƙasa a ƙarƙashinsu tare da yashi mai bushe (mafi kyawun zaɓi). A nan gaba, ya fi dacewa don canzawa zuwa shayarwa ta hanyar pallets da feshin tsire-tsire masu kyau daga kwalban fesa.
Yawan zafi na iska da ƙasa yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka cututtukan fungal. Don tsire-tsire su kasance lafiya, ba a shimfiɗa ba, amma don girma mai kauri, mai ƙarfi, barga, yana da mahimmanci don kula da mafi kyawun yanayin iska a cikin ɗakin a matakin 70-75%. Don rage zafi na iska, ɗakin yana da iska, amma ba tare da zane ba.
5. Karfewa da mutuwar shuka
Shuka shuka yana buƙatar kulawa akai-akai. An dauki dukkan matakan, tsire-tsire suna da kore, sabo ne, na farko na ainihin ganye sun bayyana, kuma ba zato ba tsammani, duka a cikin manyan kwantena da kuma a cikin ƙananan ɗaiɗai, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire sun fara bushewa, murƙushewa, a wasu wurare kuma ƙananan ƙullun matattu na matattu. tsiri ya bayyana. Bugu da ƙari, adadin matattun tsire-tsire yana ƙaruwa.
Don wane dalili hakan ya faru?
Wilting yana hade da bushewa na ƙasa da kuma cin zarafi na ma’auni na ruwa na seedling ganye ko cin zarafin tsarin iska-danshi na noma.
Yana yiwuwa a overfeed shuke-shuke da takin mai magani.
Ganyayyaki ba kawai bushe ba, har ma da murɗa idan aphids da sauran kwari sun bayyana.
Ƙara yawan adadin da bayyanar sabon foci na tsire-tsire masu mutuwa na iya nuna shan kashi na cututtuka na fungal da kwayoyin halitta.
Witing da mutuwar seedlings. © Bradato Kopele
Yadda za a hana?
Kullum duba yanayin danshi na ƙasa kuma ku bi ka’idodin shayar da tsire-tsire. Idan busassun ɓawon burodi ya samo asali kuma ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashinsa ta bushe don taɓawa, wajibi ne a dauki matakan daidaita tsarin ban ruwa.
Daidai amfani da takin mai magani don saman miya.
Idan tsire-tsire sun bushe lokacin da kwari suka lalace – aphids ko mites. Kulawa na dindindin ya zama dole don hana haifuwa da tarwatsa kwari masu tasowa. Seedlings suna buƙatar matakan kariya.
Mutuwar tsiro ɗaya ba ta da muni, amma bayyanar da yawan ɓangarorin da suka mutu tare da matattun tsire-tsire da mutuwarsu ko da a cikin tukwane da kofuna daban-daban alama ce ta cutar. Tabbatarwa shine launin ruwan hoda mai launin ruwan hoda a gindin tushe, baƙar fata a tushen abin wuya, da kuma jiƙan ƙananan ɓangaren seedling tare da gamsai.
Me za a yi?
Tare da rashin danshi, wilting yana farawa tare da ƙananan ganye, waɗanda aka danƙaɗa da mazugi ko jirgin ruwa. Wajibi ne don sassauta ƙasa a kusa da shuke-shuke da kuma zuba karamin al’ada na ruwan dumi. Babban watering ya kamata a gudanar ta hanyar pallets. Fesa tsire-tsire…
