Haɓaka haɓaka al’adun tattalin arziƙi wanda ba tare da ciyawa ba ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, kasancewar tsire-tsire ne waɗanda ke ba da halaye masu tayar da hankali, waɗanda ke ba su fa’ida mai fa’ida dangane da al’adun sha’awa, kamar:
- Babban samar da iri (tsaba, kwararan fitila, tubers, rhizomes, stolons);
- Dawwama na iyawa ko da a cikin yanayi mara kyau na muhalli da ƙasa;
- Ability don germinate da fitowa a cikin ƙasa mai zurfi;
- Ba daidai ba germination yana gudana saboda rashin barcin iri;
- Sauƙin rarraba iri ta nisa mai nisa ta ruwa, mutum, iska, dabbobi da injuna.
Shin ciyawar za ta iya yin illa ga aljihun mai samarwa na karkara? Tabbas!
Sakamakon halaye masu tayar da hankali da damar daidaitawa, ciyawa na iya haifar da lalacewa kai tsaye e kaikaice.
Os asara kai tsaye suna da alaƙa da raguwar yawan amfanin gona saboda gasa don abubuwan haɓaka (masu gina jiki, ruwa, haske da iskar gas), da kuma raguwar ingancin samfuran kasuwanci (kasancewar ƙwayoyin beagle na baƙar fata.Bidens pilosa) riko da auduga zaruruwa).
Ciyawa na iya yin illa ga manomi da yawa. Source: Sebrae Community
ciyawa ne ke da alhakin rashin tantance irin amfanin gona, baya ga cutar da dabbobi da kuma rage darajar kasa.
Os lahani kai tsaye koma ga gaskiyar cewa ciyawa ne madadin runduna don kwari, cututtuka da nematodes, kamar yadda yanayin ciyawa massambará yake (Sorghumhalepense), wanda shine rukunin ƙwayoyin cuta mosaic na sukari.
Wasu nau’ikan na iya cutar da su ko kuma ba za a iya aiwatar da ayyukan al’adu da girbi ba, kamar ɗaukakar safiya (Mafarki sp.), Rage ingancin ayyuka ko haifar da asarar amfanin gona.
Dabarun sarrafa ciyawa
Daga cikin nau’o’in kayyade ciyawa, sinadarin shi ne mafi yawan masu sana’ar karkara ke amfani da shi domin yana bayar da fa’ida kamar:
- Kadan dogara ga ma’aikata;
- Gudanar da inganci ko da a lokacin damina;
- Ingantacciyar kulawa a cikin layin dasa shuki ba tare da lalata tushen tsarin amfanin gona ba;
- Ba da damar aikin No-tillage System (SPD);
- Bada damar sarrafa ciyayi na yaɗuwar ciyayi;
- Bada izinin yada shuka ko gyara tazara tsakanin layuka.
Yana da mahimmanci a jaddada cewa haɗin gwiwar ciyawa (MIPD) ita ce hanya mafi mahimmanci kuma mai dorewa don aiwatar da sarrafa ciyawa, ana yin la’akari da yadda ake amfani da duk kayan aikin sarrafawa (tsari, al’adu, inji, jiki, ilmin halitta da sinadarai). ) a dabara, duka don hana shigowar sabbin nau’in ciyawa da rage yawan nau’in ciyawa a yankin noma.
Gudanar da haɗin kai shine hanya mafi ɗorewa don magance ciyawa. Source: Blog Sensix
Siffofin glufosinate ammonium
Maganin herbicide ammonium glufosinate shine kawai wakilin rukunin glutamine synthetase inhibitors (GS), kasancewar nau’in nau’in phosphinothricin na roba, wani abu da ƙwayoyin cuta suka haɗa. Streptomyces (Streptomycesviridochmogenese Streptomyceshygroscopius).
Wannan maganin herbicide yana da aikin tuntuɓar, yana da iko mai faɗi (yana sarrafa mono da eudicot weeds) kuma ba zaɓi bane.
Tare da ci gaban fasaha na fasaha, fasahar Liberty Link an haɓaka®wanda aka shigar da kwayar cutar ammonium glufosinate a cikin auduga, waken soya, masara, canola da nau’in gwoza na sukari, yana ba da zaɓin sarrafa ciyawa, don haka baya haifar da phytotoxicity a cikin waɗannan amfanin gona.
Ammonium glufosinate yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa (1.370.000 mgL-1Kuma yana da motsi sosai a cikin ƙasa, ana iya jujjuya shi zuwa ƙasa colloids (Koc 100 mlg).-1) saboda iyawar ba da gudummawar protons da samar da ions masu caji mara kyau (pKa<2,0).
Dagewa a fagen ya bambanta daga kwanaki 7 zuwa 20, tare da raguwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauri, wanda shine dalilin da ke bayyana rashin wannan maganin herbicide a zurfin fiye da 15 cm a cikin ƙasa (RODRIGUES; ALMEIDA, 2018).
Halin ilimin halittar jiki na glufosinate ammonium
Ammonium glufosinate baya sarrafa ciyawa mai inganci tare da matakan ci gaba na ci gaba, kuma ana ba da shawarar aikace-aikacen don sarrafa monocots tare da tiller har zuwa 1 kuma a cikin eudicots tare da ganye 2 zuwa 4.
Don iyakar inganci a cikin sarrafa ciyawa, tare da yin amfani da wannan maganin ciyawa, ana bada shawarar cewa a yi amfani da shi bayan fitowar tare da kasancewar hasken rana. Sarrafa ko yankewa yana faruwa makonni 1 ko 2 bayan aikace-aikacen.
Ya kamata a jaddada mahimmancin fesa a cikin yanayin yanayi mai dacewa ta yadda ɗigon da aka fesa ya kai ga manufa, don haka, yana da sakamakon da ake tsammani a cikin sarrafa ciyawa.
Mafi kyawun yanayin yanayi shine: ƙaramin dangi zafi na 55%, saurin iska daga 3 zuwa 10 km h-1 da zafin jiki kasa da 30 ° C.
Hanyoyin aiki glufosinate ammonium
Maganin herbicide ammonium glufosinate yana hana ayyukan enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS), wanda shine wurin farko na assimilation na nitrogen a cikin shuka.
Nitrogen wani sinadari ne mai mahimmanci ga shuke-shuken metabolism saboda yana cikin muhimman kwayoyin halitta kamar ATP, NADH, NADPH, chlorophyll, proteins da enzymes da yawa, don haka wani sinadari ne da ke iyakance cikakkiyar ci gaban tsirrai (TAIZ). da al., 2017).
GS yana canza amino acid glutamate da ammonium (NH4+) a cikin glutamine, wanda shine madogarar sabbin halayen don samar da amino acid masu mahimmanci don haɗin furotin.
A cikin wannan halayen kuma yana faruwa haɗuwa da ammonium, wanda a cikin babban taro a cikin kyallen takarda, yana da guba, yana lalata jigilar electrons a cikin photosynthesis da sarkar numfashi.
ammonium glufosinate
Ammonium glufosinate yana hana aikin GS, wanda ke haifar da tarin ammonium a cikin tantanin halitta da raguwar kwarangwal na carbon, irin su glutamine, wanda ke haifar da hanawa na photorespiration da photosynthesis kai tsaye.
Sabbin bincike sun bayyana wannan tsarin aiki, kamar aikin Takano da al. (2019), wanda a cikinsa suka ba da rahoton cewa tsire-tsire da aka yi da wannan maganin herbicide suna samar da nau’in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS), waɗanda ke da alhakin peroxidation (lalata) na lipids a cikin ƙwayoyin sel, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta.
An yi amfani da tarawar ammonium azaman alamar aikin glufosinate ammonium, ta wannan hanyar, binciken da Freitas e Silva ya yi. da al. (2016) ya nuna cewa shan wannan maganin ciyawa yana faruwa tsakanin sa’o’i 2 zuwa 5 bayan aikace-aikacen, kuma adadin da aka sha a cikin sa’o’i 5 ya isa ya haifar da lalacewa ga shuka.
Ammonium maida hankali a cikin auduga shuke-shuke, B. kwance e I. grandifolia a lokuta daban-daban ba tare da ruwan sama ba tare da 2 DAA. Source: Freitas e Silva da al. (2016).
Glutamine maida hankali a cikin tsire-tsire auduga, B. decumbens da I. grandifolia a lokuta daban-daban ba tare da ruwan sama ba tare da kwanaki 2 bayan aikace-aikacen (DAA). Source: Freitas e Silva et al. (2016).
Alamomin phytochemistry
Alamomin farko na phytotoxicity da glufosinate ammonium ke haifarwa suna faruwa kwanaki 3 zuwa 5 bayan aikace-aikacen, wanda aka lura da bushewar ganye da chlorosis na shuka. A cikin har zuwa makonni biyu shuke-shuke zama necrotic.
Ana iya ƙara waɗannan alamun bayyanar cututtuka lokacin da tsire-tsire suke cikin yanayi mai kyau na muhalli, kamar babban haske da matsanancin zafi na iska da ƙasa (ROMA).da al., 2005).
Alamun phytotoxicity a cikin Ipomoea grandifolia a 3 DAA. Source: Freitas and Silva (2012).
Alamun phytotoxicity a cikin Urochloa decumbens a 8 DAA. Source: Freitas and Silva (2012).
Yaushe ya kamata a yi amfani da ammonium glufosinate?
A Brazil, maganin ciyawa da ke dauke da ammonium-glufosinate a matsayin sinadari mai aiki sune: Fascinate BR, Liberty, Patrol SL da Finale. Don tabbatar da rajistar waɗannan magungunan ciyawa a cikin amfanin amfanin gona, shiga AGROFIT, bankin bayanai kan magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi rajista tare da Ma’aikatar Noma.
Glufosinate Ammonium maganin ciyawa ne bayan fitowar ganye don aikace-aikacen fesa da aka yi niyya akan amfanin gona mai saurin kamuwa da shi ko cikakken yanki akan amfanin gona/kasuwa waɗanda ke ɗauke da fasahar Liberty Link.®.
Ana iya amfani da shi a cikin bushewar wasu amfanin gona kafin girbi, kamar dankali, rake, wake, waken soya da alkama. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi a cikin bushewa kafin shuka, a cikin amfanin gona irin su waken soya da alkama (RODRIGUES; ALMEIDA, 2018). Don daidai amfani da aikace-aikace, dole ne ka sami jagorancin masanin aikin gona.
La’akari na ƙarshe
Gudanar da ciyawa al’ada ce mai wahala.
Don samun nasara, akwai buƙatar sanin halaye na phytosociological da ilimin ilimin halittar ciyawa a yankin, tarihin wurin, yawan amfanin ƙasa, yanayin yankin, maganin ciyawa da za a yi amfani da shi da kuma amfanin amfanin gona.
Don haka, yana da mahimmanci a bi ka’idodin masanin aikin gona, ta yadda za a iya amfani da albarkatun da ake da su cikin inganci da dorewa.
Bayanan Littafi Mai Tsarki
BARROSO, AAM; MURATA, AT Matology: karatu akan ciyawa. Jaboticabal: Kamfanin Magana, 2021. 547 p.
FREITAS E SILVA, IP da al. Absorption velocityofglufosinate da illolinsa da auduga. noma, v. 50, p. 239-249, 2016. Akwai a: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-31952016000200239&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en. An shiga: 12 ga Juli. 2021.
MONQUERO, PA Abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halitta da sarrafa ciyawa. Sao Carlos: Rima, 2014. 430 p.
RODRIGUES, BN; ALMEIDA, F.S. jagorar ciyawa. . . 7. ed. London: Buga Marubuta, 2018. 764 p.
ROMAN, IS da al. Yadda magungunan herbicides ke aiki: daga ilmin halitta zuwa aikace-aikace. Passo Fundo: Berthier, 2005. 152 p.
SILVA, AA; SILWA, JF Batutuwa a cikin sarrafa sako. Viçosa: Viçosa: ufv, 2007. 367 p.
TAIZ, L.; ZEIGER, E.; MOLLER, IM; MURPHY A Shuka ilimin halittar jiki da kuma ci gaba. 6. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2017. 858 p.
TAKANO, HK da al. Nau’in reactiveoxygen yana haifar da aikin gaggawa na glufosinate. Shuka. shafi na 249, shafi. 1837-1849, 2019.
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