Tsarin No-tillage (SPD) shine babban yanki na aikin gona na kiyayewa, wanda ke mai da hankali kan dorewar tsarin samarwa, bisa ka’idoji guda uku:
- shuka kai tsaye na amfanin gona tare da ƙarancin damuwa na ƙasa;
- Rufin ƙasa na dindindin ta ragowar amfanin gona ko kayan amfanin gona (bambaro);
- Juyawa amfanin gona (yana taimakawa wajen magance kwari, cututtuka da ciyawa).
A cikin SPD, ana aiwatar da kulawar farko na weeds tare da aikace-aikacen herbicides na desiccant a cikin dasa shuki. Daga baya, ana amfani da maganin ciyawa na gaba-gaba da/ko bayan gaggawa, waɗanda kuma ake amfani da su a cikin shirye-shiryen ƙasa na al’ada (LANDERS, 2001).
Don amfani da duk wani maganin ciyawa, dole ne ku bi ka’idodin masanin aikin gona, domin ya faru daidai.
Ba tare da noma ba, amfanin gona na girma a tsakiyar bambaro. Amma, kuna buƙatar kula da weeds, ta amfani da herbicides.
Don samun kyakkyawar ci gaban al’adu na farko, yana da mahimmanci cewa an yi shuka a cikin yankin ba tare da ciyawa ba kuma don kauce wa tsoma baki na farko.
Akwai wasu dabarun sarrafa ciyawar da ke ba da fa’ida ga amfanin gona, har zuwa matakin da amfanin gona da kansa ke sarrafa sabon fitowar ciyawa. Dabarun su ne:
- Ƙungiyar herbicides tare da saura sakamako a kan ƙasa zuwa desiccant herbicide amfani a pre-shuka;
- Aiwatar da jeri na herbicides tare da saura sakamako a kan ƙasa bayan aikace-aikace na desiccant herbicide.
Don aiwatar da ayyuka cikin aminci, ba tare da gurɓataccen muhalli ko phytotoxicity na amfanin gona ba, yana da mahimmanci a san halayen herbicide, nau’in ƙasa, nau’in ciyawa da ke cikin yankin da amfanin gona da za a girka.
Dynamics na herbicides a cikin bambaro
Har zuwa lokacin da ba a kai ba, ɗayan matakan kiyayewa shine amfani da maganin ciyawa a cikin bambaro don magance ciyawa. Hoto: ClimateFieldview.
Lokacin da aka shafa maganin ciyawa a kan bambaro, babban abin da ke damun shi shi ne asarar ingancin ciyawa, saboda fesa ba ya kai ga wanda ake so kai tsaye.
Don sarrafa ya zama mai tasiri, ya zama dole cewa maganin ciyawa ya wuce bambaro kuma ya haɗu da ƙwayar ciyawar da ke tsiro.
Yaya ake kai maganin ciyawa daga bambaro zuwa ƙasa?
Lokacin da maganin ciyawa ya kasance a kan bambaro yana ƙarƙashin tafiyar matakai na lalata kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar canzawa ko photodecomposition.
Don haka, yana da mahimmanci cewa ana ɗaukar maganin herbicide daga bambaro zuwa ƙasa. Don wannan ya faru, abubuwa biyu dole ne su haɗu:
- Herbicide tare da halayen physicochemical wanda ke sauƙaƙe tafiyar da herbicide daga bambaro zuwa ƙasa;
- Faruwar hazo (ruwan sama) bayan aikace-aikace.
Magungunan herbicides waɗanda suka fi sauƙi don haye bambaro sune waɗanda ke da mafi girman narkewa a cikin ruwa (sama da 151 ppm) da mafi ƙanƙancin ɓangaren ɓangaren ruwa na octanol (K).uwa) (CHRISTOFOLETTI et al., 2009).
Wannan dukiya tana nufin alaƙar da herbicide ke da shi tare da iyakacin duniya (ruwa) da mara iyaka (octanol) lokaci, ƙananan K.uwa mafi girman kusanci ga ruwa (Kuwa<10), da sauƙin maganin ciyawa zai isa ƙasa.
O abin hawa canja wurin herbicide daga bambaro zuwa kasa, ruwa ne. Don haka, maganin ciyawa da ake amfani da shi dole ne ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ruwa ta yadda zai iya kaiwa ƙasa a lokacin hazo da kuma sarrafa ciyawa.
A cikin binciken da Freitas and Silva (2016) suka yi, ya nuna hanyar sulfontrazone na herbicide ta hanyar sorghum, gero da bambaro brachiaria saboda ruwan sama na 40 mm da 60 mm. Sulfentrazone an fesa bi da bi tare da glyphosate herbicide da kuma gauraye da glyphosate herbicide.
Bincike ya nuna maganin herbicide sulfentrazone ta sorghum, gero da bambaro brachiaria.
Matsakaicin adadin da aka samo daga maganin ciyawa na sulfentrazone (ng cm-2) bayan ruwan sama na 40 da 60 mm akan bambaro dawa (A), gero (B) da brachiaria (C).
Babban haruffa daban-daban suna nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyi da ƙananan haruffa daban-daban suna nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin rukuni ɗaya, ta hanyar gwajin Tukey a yiwuwar kashi 5%. Source: Freitas e Silva (2016).
Har yaushe wadannan maganin ciyawa ke sarrafa ciyawa?
Ya kamata a lura da cewa maganin herbicides da aka yi amfani da su a kan bambaro sun riga sun kasance masu tasowa, sabili da haka, suna da tasiri lokacin da suke cikin rigar ƙasa ta yadda zai iya sarrafa ciyawar ciyawa a cikin tsarin germination.
Kamar yadda manufar ita ce samar da fa’ida mai fa’ida ga amfanin gona don haɓakawa a yankin, ana kiran waɗannan magungunan ciyawa da suka rigaya zuwa ga gaggawa. saura sakamako herbicides Ba wai kawai ba.
Yaya tsawon lokacin da waɗannan tsire-tsire za su ci gaba da aiki a cikin ƙasa ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa kamar yanayin yanayi, halayen ƙasa da ƙimar rabin rayuwa na kwayoyin herbicide.
An ayyana rabin rayuwar a matsayin lokacin da ake buƙata don kashi 50% na farkon adadin ciyawa don tarwatse (SILVA; SILVA, 2007), don haka, lokaci ne da maganin ciyawa ke sarrafa ciyawa.
Kowane maganin ciyawa yana da ƙimar rabin rayuwa. Misali, diclosulam ya kasance daga kwanaki 22 zuwa 43 (RODRIGUES; ALMEIDA, 2018) da sulfentrazone daga 110 zuwa 280 days (VIVIAN et al., 2006), tare da maganin herbicides guda biyu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin SPD.
Shin akwai buƙatar yin amfani da maganin ciyawa bayan gaggawa?
Yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa ciyawa a cikin yankin dasa shuki tare da herbicides a cikin bambaro.
Ya dogara!
Ya dogara da amfanin gona da aka girka, nau’in tsire-tsire da ke cikin yankin, yanayin yanayi, yanayin ƙasa da maganin ciyawa.
Muhimmin abu shine kiyaye wani nau’in sarrafa ciyawa har zuwa lokacin da amfanin gona ya rufe tsakanin layin dasa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, al’adar kanta tana sarrafa sabon fitowar ciyawa.
Saboda haka, ana iya buƙatar aiwatar da aikace-aikacen bayan fitowar, kuma shawarar masanin aikin gona yana da mahimmanci.
Shin ragowar tasirin herbicides lafiya ga muhalli?
Maganin ciyawa, domin a yi rajista, ana tantancewa. Damuwa kuma game da muhalli.
Domin maganin ciyawa da za a yi rajista, dole ne Ma’aikatar Aikin Gona ta tantance kuma ta amince da ita game da ingancin aikin gona, ta Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli da Sabunta Albarkatun Halitta (Ibama) ta Brazil game da amincin muhalli da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (Anvisa) game da batun. illolin da ke cikin lafiyar ɗan adam, kowace hukuma tana da ‘yancin kai a cikin aikinta (MAPA, 2019).
Lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da maganin ciyawa a kasuwa, an ƙididdige shi kuma an amince da shi don ingantaccen aikin gona, amincin muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam, don haka suna da aminci!
Me yasa ake samun gurɓatar muhalli daga magungunan ciyawa?
Babban abin da ke haifar da gurɓacewar muhalli shine rashin amfani da magungunan ciyawa da bai dace ba.
Ya kamata a yi la’akari da ƙa’idodin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun yanki, kamar masana aikin gona, da bin bayanan da ke ƙunshe a cikin kunshin samfurin, ta yadda za a iya cimma iyakar kare muhalli da ɗan adam.
Bayanan Littafi Mai Tsarki:
CHRISTOFOLETI, PJ et al. Halin maganin ciyawa da aka shafa a ƙasa a cikin noman rake. CP, Piracicaba, v. 2 ga Nuwamba, 2009.
FREITAS E SILVA, IP Halin sulfentrazone da diclosulam herbicides a cikin sarrafa amfanin gona daban-daban. 2016. 102 f. Thesis (Doctorate) – Koyarwar Doctoral, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Faculty of Agronomic Sciences (Botucatu Campus), Botucatu, 2016.
LANDERS, JN Babu ci gaban tsiro a Brazil masu zafi. Roma: FAO, 2001. Akwai a: http://www.fao.org/3/Y2638E/y2638e00.htm#toc. An shiga: 10 ga Agusta 2021.
MAPA, Ma’aikatar Noma, Kiwo da wadata. Bayani kan Rubutun Magungunan Gwari na Noma. 2019. Akwai a: https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/esclarecimentos-sobre-registros-de-defensivos-agricolas. An shiga: 13 ga Agusta 2021.
RODRIGUES, BN; ALMEIDA, F.S. jagorar ciyawa. . . 7. ed. London: Buga Marubuta, 2018. 764 p.
SILVA, AA; SILWA, JF Batutuwa a cikin sarrafa sako. Viçosa: UFV, 2007. 367 p.
VIVIAN, R. et al. Dagewar sulfentrazone a cikin Red-Yellow Argisol wanda aka noma shi da rake. sako, Vicosa, v. 24, ba. 4, ku. 741-750, 2006.
Kuna iya yin alamar shafi wannan shafi
