Annoba a cikin shanu

Babban hatsarin cututtuka masu yaduwa a cikin shanu shi ne cewa suna saurin yaduwa zuwa duk dabbobin gona. Bugu da kari, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da yawan mace-mace. Kuma daya daga cikin zakarun a cikin wannan harka shine rinderpest. Wannan cuta ce mai saurin yaduwa, wacce a kusan kashi 100% na lokuta ke ƙarewa a mutuwa. Don haka yana da mahimmanci a san menene wannan cutar da yadda za a kare garken daga gare ta.

Annoba a cikin shanu

Menene rinderpest?

Baya ga shanu, rinderpest, wanda ake kira Pestis bovina, yana yaduwa zuwa awaki da tumaki. Daga cikin namun daji, barewa, tururuwa, bahaya, rakuma da sauran guraren da suke kamuwa da ita. Wannan cuta ta kwayar cuta ce a yanayi. Yana rinjayar da mucous membranes na narkewa kamar fili, hanji, numfashi fili, da kuma fata. A wannan yanayin, yankin da abin ya shafa ya zama mai ƙonewa da sauri kuma yana ɗaukar matakai na necrotic, a kan abin da kamuwa da jini da mutuwar dabba ke faruwa.

Tarihi

Bisa ga rarrabuwa na kasa da kasa, wannan cuta tana cikin rukunin A (musamman cututtukan cututtuka masu haɗari). Yana da kyau a lura cewa an san shi na dogon lokaci. Ana samun bayanin farko game da wannan cuta a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubucen Rum, waɗanda aka halicce su a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX AD. Daga baya, a farkon karni na XNUMX, an gano wata annoba mai ƙarfi a cikin ƙasashen Asiya.

Mafi yaɗuwar rinderpest a Turai ya faɗi a ƙarni na 1841. Daga Holland, Jamus da Ingila, da sauri ya bazu zuwa duk ƙasashen Turai. Haka kuma, cutar ta haifar da babbar illa ga tattalin arziki, musamman a fannin noma, kusan karni biyu. A cikin XNUMX, dabbobin da suka kamu da cutar sun zo Masar, inda cutar ta bazu cikin sauri zuwa duk ƙasashe na babban yankin, ta lalata dabbobi.

Tun daga karshen karni na 1924, an fara gwagwarmayar yaki da cutar. A cikin 1928, sun sami damar shafe shi a cikin Ostiraliya. By 2011 rinderpest aka gaba daya ci a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin XNUMX, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da sanarwar a duk duniya cewa an gano buƙatun ƙarshe na wannan cuta kuma an lalata su a ƙasashen Afirka.

Annoba a Afirka

Wakilin haddasawa

Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar ita ce ƙwayar cuta ta musamman, wacce ɗaya ce daga cikin paramyxaviruses kuma tana ɗauke da nata RNA. Nau’in da ke haifar da cututtuka a cikin shanu yana kama da ƙayyadaddun sa da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin karnuka da kuma abin da ke haifar da cutar kyanda a cikin mutane. Lokacin da ya shiga cikin jini, cutar ta yadu nan da nan ta cikin jini. A lokaci guda, ana iya gano mafi yawan tarin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin huhu, ƙwayoyin lymph da kodan. Amma, a ƙarshe, yana rinjayar dukkan gabobin da kyallen takarda na dabba.

Cutar ta kamu da mummunan tasirin yanayin waje ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Mafi halakar da ita ita ce:

• hasken rana kai tsaye. Kashe kamuwa da cuta a cikin sa’o’i 1-5;
• ƙananan yanayin zafi. Rashin kunna ƙwayoyin cuta yana faruwa a cikin kwanaki 30;
• zafin jiki sama da digiri 60. Yana kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin mintuna 15-20;
• sodium hydroxide. Fitowar minti 2 ya isa;
• a cikin taki, kwayar cutar ta ci gaba da aiki har kwana daya;
• a dakin da zafin jiki na iya rayuwa fiye da kwanaki 5.

Dalilan bayyanar

Rinderpest yana yaduwa zuwa yawancin artiodactyl na gida da na daji. Ya fi hatsari ga matasa, sama da shekara guda. Babban hanyar yada kwayar cutar ita ce dabbar da ta kamu da cutar. Yana saki pathogens a cikin muhalli tare da:

• zubar da hanci;
• najasa talakawa;
• fitsari;
• jini;
• madara;
• kumburi daga conjunctiva;
• secretions daga al’aura.

Ana fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin muhalli tare da madara

A matsayinka na mai mulki, a cikin duk waɗannan abubuwa cutar ta bayyana a ranar 3rd-8th na rashin lafiya. A cikin mucosa na gabobin al’aura, ko da bayan cikakkiyar farfadowa, kamuwa da cuta ya ci gaba kuma ana iya yada shi zuwa wasu dabbobi a cikin makonni 3.

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na watsa kwayar cutar zuwa dabbobi masu lafiya. Daga cikin manyan su akwai:

1. Iska. Kwayoyin cuta suna shiga cikin sashin numfashi na saniya ta iska, bayan haka cutar ta yadu. Ba da gudummawa ga wannan nau’i na rarraba cunkoson abun ciki da raunin garkuwar dabbobi.
2. Abincin abinci (baki-fecal). Barbashi daga ɓoye na dabbobi marasa lafiya, wanda kwayar cutar ta kasance, shiga cikin abinci da ruwa. Idan aka cinye su sai su kamu da cutar. Musamman sau da yawa wannan hanyar watsa cutar yana faruwa a cikin gonaki waɗanda ba su bi ka’idodin tsabta ba, babu tsaftacewa na yau da kullun na wuraren da disinfection na lokaci-lokaci.
3. Makanikai. Tushen yaduwar cutar a cikin wannan yanayin na iya kasancewa gawarwakin dabbobin da suka mutu daga cutar. Tsuntsaye da karnuka da aladu suna ciyar da waɗannan jikin, waɗanda idan sun haɗu da saniya, suna watsa mata cutar.

Hakanan ana iya yada cutar ta hanyar sutura da kayan aikin ma’aikatan sabis. An gano cewa kwari masu shan jini, lokacin shan jini na mintuna 15, suma suna iya zama masu dauke da cutar. Amma ba a gano lokuta na watsa kwayar cutar ta hanyar ticks, doki, sauro ba. Na dogon lokaci, ƙwayoyin cuta na iya rayuwa a cikin fata, nama, da ƙahonin dabbobin da suka mutu.

Muhimmanci! Idan aka sake shi cikin gonakin dabbobi, cutar tana ci gaba a kowane lokaci na shekara. Yana bazuwa sosai a gonakin da ke da tarin dabbobi.

Alamun

Lokacin shiryawa ga ƙwayoyin cuta a mafi yawan lokuta na kamuwa da cuta yana daga kwanaki 3 zuwa mako guda. Kadan sau da yawa, sharuɗɗan na iya kaiwa zuwa kwanaki 15-17. A ƙarshen lokacin shiryawa, cutar ta fara haɓaka rayayye akan ganuwar mucous membranes na hanji da na numfashi. Ba da daɗewa ba, kamuwa da cuta ya lalata ganuwar mucosa da tasoshin jini, yana shiga cikin jini. A wurin da aka samu raunuka, matakai na necrotic sun bayyana da sauri kuma ulcers sun bayyana, wanda aka rufe daga sama tare da mataccen launi na epithelium matattu.

Alamomin cutar

Bayan shiga cikin jini, kwayar cutar ta hanyar siginar jini ta shiga cikin ƙwayoyin lymph, huhu, kashin baya, kodan, yana haifar da canje-canje na pathological a cikinsu. Ci gaban kwayar cutar da sauri yana hana tsarin garkuwar jiki.

Ci gaba da cutar ta ƙunshi wucewar manyan matakai guda uku.

Matakin farko

Ana kuma kiransa zazzabi. Yana tasowa nan da nan bayan ƙarshen lokacin shiryawa. Wannan mataki yana tare da irin waɗannan alamun asibiti:

• karuwa mai kaifi a yanayin zafin saniya zuwa digiri 41-42;
• ƙarin halin tashin hankali;
• saurin bugun zuciya da numfashi;
• ƙin abinci, daidai da abin da za a iya gano yawan ruwa mai yawa;
• fatar kan hanci ya bushe;
• mucous membrane na ido da makogwaro sun zama ja, matakan farko na tsarin kumburi suna bayyane;
• ƙara yawan hankali na dabba zuwa haske mai haske;
• ulu yakan karye, ya rasa ƙwaƙƙwaransa, yana disheveled akai-akai.

Yawancin lokaci tsawon wannan mataki bai wuce kwanaki 2-3 ba.

Mataki na biyu

Bayan kwanaki 3 na farkon ci gaban cutar, necrosis na kyallen takarda na mucous membrane fara bayyana rayayye. Haka kuma, ana iya ganin gyambon ciki da yashwa a kan ido, a cikin cavities na baka da na hanci. Wannan mataki na cutar yana tare da alamomi masu zuwa:

• Serous conjunctivitis yana tasowa da sauri, wanda ke wucewa daga serous zuwa siffar purulent a cikin kwana ɗaya ko biyu.
• Wani magudanar ruwa yana gudana daga hanci, wanda ke bushewa ta hanyar scabs a ƙarƙashin hanci. Pus yana taruwa da yawa a cikin kogon hanci da kansa.
• Mucosa na idanu da hanci ja ne da kumbura.
• Dabbar tana yin atishawa akai-akai, ba tare da jin daɗi ba tana girgiza kai, kuma tana iya motsawa daga ƙafa zuwa ƙafa.
• Mucosa na baki, palate, lebe, cheeks daga ciki an rufe shi da ƙananan ɗigo na launin toka ko launin rawaya. Waɗannan su ne farkon foci na nama necrosis.
• Ƙara salivation. Yarinyar yana da siffa mai kumfa kuma tana da ɗigon jini tare da hada jini.
• Hadiye yana tare da ciwo mai tsanani.
• Har ila yau, launin toka mai launin toka ko launin rawaya na yazawa yana bayyana akan vulva. Exudate tare da ƙazanta na jini lokaci-lokaci yana fitowa daga al’aurar.

Wannan lokaci na cutar a cikin mutane masu juna biyu tabbas yana haifar da mutuwar tayin da zubar da ciki. Yawancin lokaci yana ƙarewa tare da raguwa a hankali a yanayin zafi.

Binciken saniya mai ciki

Mataki na uku

Wannan mataki na yanayin cutar yana da mummunan rauni na mucosa na gastrointestinal tract. Yana gano:

• Daidaita yanayin zafi ko faɗuwar sa a ƙarƙashin alamar halitta;
• Zawo mai tsanani, wanda tare da haɓakawa ya juya ya zama fitar da najasa ba da gangan ba;
• A cikin najasa, ana gano ƙazantar jini, ƙusa, barbashi na matattun kyallen jikin bangon hanji;
• Mucosa na dubura yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma ana fentin shi cikin launin ja mai duhu;
• Dabbar tana jin zafi yayin motsin hanji kuma kawai a tsaye. Don haka, domin a raunata bayansa, sai a baka;
• Numfashi yana da nauyi kuma yana da sauri sosai.

Tare da irin wannan rikice-rikice na tsarin narkewa, duk ruwa da sauri ya fita daga jiki, kuma dabbar ba ta da lokaci don sake cika ajiyar ta. A kan bangon wannan al’amari, saurin asarar ƙarfi da nauyi yana bayyana. Dabba na iya rasa kusan kashi 30 ko fiye na nauyinta na asali cikin sa’o’i kaɗan. Mutuwa yawanci tana faruwa ne ranar 9 daga ƙarshen lokacin shiryawa.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa a wasu lokuta wani latent hanya na cutar yana yiwuwa. A zahiri ba a bayyana alamun ba, ƙwayoyin mucous ba su lalace ba. Sau da yawa wannan nau’i na annoba ya ƙare a dawo da dabba. A wannan yanayin, yana samun kariya mai ƙarfi don sake kamuwa da cuta na tsawon shekaru 5 ko fiye.

Saboda raunin tsarin garkuwar jiki mai tsanani, wasu cututtuka na iya tasowa akan asalinsa. Wannan yana kara tsananta yanayin shanu kuma yana dagula ganewar asali, saboda halayen halayen na biyu kuma ana ƙara su zuwa alamun farko.

Bincike

Pestis bovina yayi kama da adadin wasu cututtuka masu yaduwa ta hanyoyi da yawa na asibiti. Saboda haka, ba zai yiwu a yi cikakken ganewar asali ba kawai akan alamun da ke bayyana a cikin saniya. Don tabbatar da ƙaddamarwa na farko, ana gudanar da gwajin gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gwaje da gwaje-gwaje na pathoanatomical.

Binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje

Don binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje, prescapular da sauran nodes na lymph, barbashi na saifa, hanta ko huhu na dabbobin da suka mutu ana ɗaukar su azaman abu. Ana ɗaukar jini daga mutane masu rai don bincike. Ana gudanar da bincike a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ta hanyoyi uku:

1. Gano ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jini ta amfani da amsa mai ɗaure ko immunoassay enzyme.
2. Ƙaddamar da takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin jini da sauran kyallen takarda.
3. Gano canje-canje a cikin tsarin sel da abun da ke ciki na cytoplasm, wanda ke nuna kasancewar kwayar cutar.

Ya kamata a lura cewa ya kamata a dauki nama daga jikin matattun shanu ba a baya fiye da sa’o’i 5-6 bayan mutuwarsu. Ana sanya kayan a cikin akwati da aka rufe kuma a aika zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Binciken ilimin cututtuka na jiki na kasancewar rinderpest na iya nuna canje-canje mai tsanani a cikin gabobin ciki. Gabobin tsarin narkewar abinci suna da:

• plaque a kan mucous membranes;
• bakin, makogwaro, lebe da kunci na dabba an rufe su da nodules ko ulcers;
• ƙwayoyin lymph na mesentery na hanji suna girma sosai kuma suna ƙonewa;
• an rufe mucosa na hanji tare da maƙarƙashiya da zubar jini;
• kaurin ganuwar karamar hanji yana karuwa sosai.

Huhun saniya yana kumburi, duk ƙwayoyin lymph na jiki suna haɓaka kuma suna nuna alamun kumburi. A gawawwakin gawarwaki a cikin rami na ciki na gawar akwai ɗan ƙaramin ruwa mai duhu.

Magani

Ya kamata a lura cewa yaƙi da rinderpest yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun dokokin kiwon lafiyar dabbobi na duniya. Dangane da shi, an haramta duk wani matakan da za a bi don magance cutar. Bugu da ƙari, ba a gano hanyar warkewa mai tasiri a cikin wannan shugabanci ba.

Idan, sakamakon gano cutar, an gano annoba a cikin dabbobi, duk dabbobin da suka kamu da cutar za a yanka su da wuri-wuri. Nan take aka kona gawarwakinsu. Kadai…