Kwayar cutar sankara a cikin tumaki da awaki: halaye na pathogen, sarrafawa da matakan rigakafi

A tsakiyar XIX karni. cutar sankarau ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane da dama, amma an yi nasarar shawo kan cutar ta hanyar allurar rigakafi, kuma a cikin dabbobi, wannan cuta har yanzu tana shafar awaki da tumaki a wasu lokuta. Kwayar cutar tana daya daga cikin mafi hatsari ga dabbobi, wanda ke haifar da tabarbarewar rayuwar dabbobi, kuma a wasu lokuta mutuwarsu. Don magance cutar yadda ya kamata, kuna buƙatar sanin halaye na ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da sifofin tasirinta akan jikin dabba, ƙayyadaddun yanayin yanayin cututtukan daban-daban, kuma a fili bi matakan da aka ba da shawarar. Ƙari game da duk wannan – daga baya a cikin labarin.

Pox na tumaki da awaki

Kashin tumaki da akuya (lat. – Variola ovina) cuta ce mai yaɗuwa da sauri da sauri zuwa kashi 80% na dabbobin da ke gona, suna kashe daga kashi 5% zuwa 50% na duk dabbobi. Abubuwan da ke haifar da ita wata cuta ce mai saurin kamuwa da cuta, wacce bayan shiga jikin dabbar, takan haifar da zazzabi, sannan kuma wani kurji na musamman na papular-pustular, wanda ke canzawa a lokacin cutar. Godiya ga samar da allurar rigakafin kamuwa da cutar sankarau a cikin tumaki da awaki ya ragu sosai, amma har yanzu ana iya samun bullar wannan cuta a wasu gonaki, lamarin da ke haddasa mummunar barna ga manoman dabbobi.

Shin kun sani? A farkon XVIII karni. a Turai, a karon farko, sun fara yi wa mutane allurar rigakafin cutar sankara – a lokaci guda, an fitar da kayan halitta daga gyambon mutanen da ke murmurewa daga wannan cuta, an jika da zare da dinka a ƙarƙashin fatar mutum mai lafiya.

Tarihin cututtuka

An rubuta shari’o’in farko na kamuwa da dabbobi tare da ƙanƙara a cikin ƙasar Masar ta dā da Sin a cikin 3700 BC. e. A cikin Turai, kamuwa da cuta mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX BC. BC e. An san pox tun daga karni na XNUMX BC. n. lokacin da aka fara samun bullar cutar a tsakanin wadannan dabbobi.

An rubuta mafi yawan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta a Turai a Ingila (ƙarshen karni na XNUMX) da Faransa (tsakiyar karni na XNUMX). A cikin ƙasa na Rasha, kamuwa da cuta da aka fi sani a cikin XVIII-XIX ƙarni.

Tarihin binciken ƙananan yara na masana kimiyya a duniya:

Likitan Faransa Bourgelia ne ya fara yaɗuwar wannan cuta a cikin 1763;
An ba da cikakken bayanin a cikin 1777 da masana kimiyya Dobanton (Faransa) da Thyssen (Jamus);
duk matakan ƙananan ƙananan sun sami cikakken bayanin kawai a cikin 1798, kuma Dr. Gilbert ya shiga cikin bayanin su;
a karon farko, masanin kimiyyar Faransa Borel ne kawai ya gudanar da bincike dalla-dalla game da abin da ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin 1903;
yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙiri cikakken rigakafin cutar sankara a cikin 1944 – tushen maganin da aka samu shine aluminum hydroxide.

A yau, a wasu lokuta ana samun bullar cutar ƙanƙara ta raguna da ƙanƙarar awaki a Afirka, Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kuma wasu yankunan kan iyaka na Rasha. Ta hanyar ɗaukar matakan rigakafi da suka dace da kuma rigakafin kan lokaci, manomi yana kula da kare dabbobi daga kamuwa da cuta.

Shin kun sani? An daina yi wa mutane allurar rigakafin cutar sankarau a shekara ta 1980, kuma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta sanar da cewa babu wannan kwayar cutar a cikin yanayi.

Etiology: halaye na pathogen, hanyoyin watsawa

Maganin cutar sankarau shine ƙwayar cuta na Tumaki capripox. Yana cikin rukunin ƙwayoyin cuta na pox kuma ya ƙunshi DNA a cikin barbashi, wanda ya fi sauran ƙwayoyin cuta kama. Babu shakka duk tumaki da awaki na iya kamuwa da cutar, kuma waɗanda suka fi kamuwa da cutar su ne matasa da nau’ikan dabbobi masu laushi.

Tumaki da awaki na iya samun ƙanƙara ba tare da la’akari da yanayin yanayi da yanayi ba, amma cutar ta fi tsanani a cikin kaka da kuma lokacin sanyi lokacin sanyi, yanayin datti, da kuma keta ƙa’idodin tsaftar dabbobi.

Tushen cutar sankarau da yadda take yaɗuwa:

Virions suna da siffar oval ko bulo kuma suna iya girma zuwa 250 mµ a girman.
Ƙarƙashin na’urar hangen nesa, ana iya ganin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya idan an lalata su da azurfa. Wadannan barbashi ana kiransu jikin Paschen kuma suna da siffa mai zagaye, suna guda ɗaya ko cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi.
A cikin jikin dabbar da ba ta da lafiya, ana iya samun ɓangarorin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na epithelial nama, da kuma cikin ruwan da ke cika pustules da vesicles.
Kwayar cutar sankara ta mutu a cikin mintuna 15 a ƙarƙashin rinjayar zafin jiki na +53 ° C ko kuma lokacin da ya ruɓe, amma ana iya kiyaye shi cikin sanyi, yana iya haifuwa na shekaru da yawa.
A saman ciyawa da ulun da aka dawo da su, wakili na cutar sankara na iya dagewa har zuwa watanni 2, kuma a cikin gida don dabbobi har zuwa watanni shida, amma a cikin yanayin waje ana iya lalata shi ta amfani da magungunan kashe qwari (chlorine lemun tsami, lemun tsami). carbolic acid, da dai sauransu).
Tushen kamuwa da cuta na iya zama marasa lafiya da waɗanda aka dawo dasu (ciki har da dabbobi yayin lokacin shiryawa na cutar).
Kamuwa da dabba yana faruwa ne lokacin da kwayar cutar ta shiga cikin mucous membrane (watau a cikin kogon baka, gabobin narkewa ko idanu). Cutar da ke tsakanin dabbobin tana yaduwa tare da busassun ɓangarorin da ke faɗuwa a yayin da ake fama da cutar, ɓoyayyiyar ƙwayar cuta daga hancin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. Ana kamuwa da ita ga kananan dabbobi ta hanyar nonon uwa mai cutar.
Awaki da tumaki kuma na iya kamuwa da cutar sankarau ta hanyar abinci, taki, kayan gida, da mutanen da suka yi hulɗa da marasa lafiya kwanan nan.
Cutar ta yadu a cikin dabbobi a cikin nau’i na epizootics, kuma shan kashi na yawancin tumaki da awaki a cikin garken yana faruwa a cikin makonni 3-4.

Muhimmanci! Lokacin shiryawa na ƙanƙara na iya zuwa daga kwanaki 3 zuwa 20.

Alamomin farko da ganewar cutar

Da zarar manomi ya ga alamun ƙanƙara a cikin tumaki da awaki, da zarar ya iya ware dabbar da ta kamu da cutar kuma ya ɗauki matakan da suka dace don hana yaduwar cutar. Wahalar tana cikin gaskiyar hakan a cikin ‘yan kwanaki na farko bayan kamuwa da cutar sankarau ya shiga cikin jiki, mai cutar ba ya nuna alamun cutaramma kwayar cutar tana karuwa sosai a cikin sel epithelial da kuma kan mucosa na fili na numfashi.

Bayan ƙarshen lokacin shiryawa a cikin jikin tumaki ko akuya, zaku iya lura da ɓangarorin farko masu zuwa:

fatar ido suna kumbura a cikin dabba, kuma ƙusa ya fara fita daga idanu;
numfashin akuya ko tunkiya yana da matukar wahala, yayin da ake shaka da fitar numfashi, sai mutum ya rika fitar da hayaniya mai karfi;
bayyanar mucous mai kauri, sa’an nan kuma fitar da purulent daga hanci;
dabbar ta rasa sha’awarta kuma tana cikin yanayin damuwa koyaushe;
karuwa a zafin jiki na rago ko akuya har zuwa +41 ° C;
bayyanar da saurin yaduwa na halayen kurji a cikin nau’i mai launin ja tare da ƙananan kumburi tare da gefen, juya zuwa papules, akan wuraren da ba su da gashi na jikin dabba (kafafu, kai, al’aura).

Don gano cutar sankarau, ana gudanar da cikakken nazarin irin waɗannan bayanai:

epizootological – tumaki da awaki ne kawai ke kamuwa da wannan cutar, don haka sauran dabbobin da ke gona ba za su sami alamun kamuwa da cuta ba;
na asibiti – wasu alamun farko na kamuwa da cuta (sai dai kurji) suna kama da alamun wasu cututtuka na dabbobi (cututtukan kaska, eczema ko fungal scab), don haka ya zama dole a bambanta kananan yara daga wasu cututtuka;
pathological – Lokacin da ciwon ƙanƙara ya kamu da cutar, gyambo da yazawa suna bayyana a jikin mucosa na gabobin ciki da na numfashi na dabba, ƙwayoyin lymph suna ƙaruwa.

Don tantance cutar daidai, ana ɗaukar nau’ikan halittu masu zuwa don bincike daga wanda ya kamu da cutar:

jini;
guntun fata tare da sabbin papules;
huhu da saifa (idan mutuwar dabbar).

Shin kun sani? A Rasha, an ba Catherine II allurar rigakafin cutar sankara ta farko a cikin 1768.

Hanyar cutar

Tsawon lokacin shiryawa ya dogara da yanayin rigakafi na mutumin da ya kamu da cutar da yanayin kiyaye shi. Bayan bayyanar bayyanar cututtuka na farko da aka jera a sama, ci gaba da cutar yana da matakai masu yawa kuma yana iya bambanta a matakai daban-daban na tsanani. Mafi wuyar jure wa wannan cuta ita ce ƴan raguna, da kuma tumaki masu laushi, wanda kurji ya rufe wani yanki mai mahimmanci na saman jiki.yana haifar da farawar tsari mai haɗari mai haɗari da maye gurbin jiki gaba ɗaya.

Siffofin yanayin ƙanƙara dangane da tsananin cutar an gabatar da su daga baya a cikin labarin.

Kwayar cuta

Yawancin tumaki da awaki na gida suna ɗauke da ƙanƙara daidai gwargwado kuma suna murmurewa lafiya tare da kulawa da kulawa da ta dace. A wannan yanayin, cutar ta ci gaba a matakai da yawa:

Ya bayyana akan fata, rashes ruwan hoda mai zagaye a cikin kwanaki 2-3 suna canzawa zuwa papules, kewaye da iyaka mai tsayi.
A wannan mataki, yanayin jikin dabba yana raguwa da digiri da yawa, yana gabatowa matakin al’ada, kuma papules yana ƙaruwa sosai.
Bayan kwanaki 3-4, saman Layer na fata a kusa da papules ya fara tashi, kuma tsarin da kansu suna cike da ruwa mai launin rawaya mai haske, yana juya zuwa vesicles.
A cikin ci gaba da girma na tsawon kwanaki 3, papules suna samun bayyanar launin toka-rawaya mai launin fata. Kowannen su yana dauke da mugun jini, kuma a waje da rashes an kewaye shi da iyakar ruwan hoda.
Papules da yawa na iya haɗuwa cikin raunuka masu ƙarfi.
A cikin yanayin yanayin cutar, bayan kwanaki 3, vesicles da pustules sun fara bushewa, suna juya zuwa scabs launin ruwan kasa.
A hankali, babban Layer na epidermis ya rabu a cikin nau’i na fim na bakin ciki, kuma haɗin haɗin gwiwa yana samuwa a ƙarƙashin scabs.
Bayan fitar da wuraren da aka shafa na epidermis, ulu ya fara girma a saman tabo a cikin kwanaki 4-6 masu zuwa.
Tare da wannan yanayin cutar, tumaki da awaki da suka kamu da cutar sun warke sosai bayan makonni 3-4, kuma jin daɗin su yana inganta sosai.

Ciwon ciki

A cikin iyali na dabbobi masu tsayin daka, waɗanda aka kiyaye su a cikin yanayi mai kyau kuma sun sami cikakkiyar daidaiton abinci, ƙananan ƙwayar cuta na iya ci gaba a cikin nau’i na zubar da ciki. Babban fasali na hanya na irin wannan cuta:

wasu jajayen jajayen zagaye suna fitowa a fatar tumaki da awaki;
pustules da vesicles ba a kafa ba, wato, kurji ba ya shiga cikin dukkanin matakan gyare-gyaren da aka lissafa a sama, wanda ke da halayyar nau’i na nau’in cutar;
yanayin lafiyar mutum mara lafiya a cikin wannan lokacin yana nuna kawai ta hanyar ƙara yawan zafin jiki da ƙananan baƙin ciki;
bayan ‘yan kwanaki, alamun alatun da suka bayyana da sauri suna ɓacewa, ba tare da barin tabo ko wasu alamun lalacewa a fata ba.

Muhimmanci! Duk da ƙananan yanayin cutar, nau’in ciwon ciki na ƙanƙara kuma yana haifar da samuwar rigakafi na tsawon rai a cikin tumaki da awaki da suka warke daga cutar.

Mummunan nau’i na ƙanƙara

Idan an ajiye dabbar a cikin yanayin da bai dace ba ko kuma ba ta da abubuwan gina jiki da ake bukata, to, rigakafinta ya raunana. A wannan yanayin, lokacin kamuwa da cutar sankarau, matsaloli daban-daban na iya tasowa, wanda a cikin kashi 50% na lokuta yana haifar da mutuwa.

Babban fasali na nau’i mai tsanani na cutar:

alamomin alatu guda ɗaya a saman fata suna haɗuwa zuwa manyan raunuka, daga abin da ake fitar da mugunya;
akwai karuwa mai yawa a cikin zafin jiki a kan bango na farkon tsarin kumburi;
awaki da tumaki marasa lafiya suna samun ƙarancin numfashi da tari, wanda ke nuna lalacewar huhu;
wanda ya kamu da cutar ya raunana kuma ba zai iya tashi ba;
a cikin dabbobi, zawo mai tsanani yana farawa, tare da gajiyar jiki gaba ɗaya.

Bayyanar cutar sankara a kan gabobin ciki

Baya ga bayyanar da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na waje, kwayar cutar sankara kuma tana shafar gabobin awaki da tumaki, wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwar dabbobi a cikin yanayin mummunan nau’in cutar.

Babban canje-canjen cututtukan da ke bayyana a jikin mai cutar …