Tumakin dusar ƙanƙara yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wakilan artiodactyls da ke zaune a tsaunukan Siberiya, Sakhalin da Kamchatka. Dabba ta musamman mai ƙahoni masu ban mamaki a kanta ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ainihin ƙwararrun yanayi. Menene fasalin rayuwar tumaki mai girma, kuma wace rawa yake takawa a cikin ayyukan tattalin arzikin ɗan adam – daga baya a cikin labarin.
Asalin jinsin
Bighorn tumaki, bighorn ko chubuk – wakilin artiodactyl ruminants na bovid iyali., wanda babban mazauninsu ana daukarsa a matsayin yankuna na Arewacin Asiya, iyaka da tsaunukan Ural a yammacin yankin da Baikal Range a kudu. Binciken burbushin halittu na farko na bighorns ya koma zamanin preglacial, fiye da shekaru dubu 750 da suka gabata.
Lokacin da suke zaune a Arewacin Asiya, dabbobin sun ƙara haɓaka yanayin muhallin da suke zaune kuma suka yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amirka, inda a yau danginsu biyu mafi kusa, tumaki Dall da tumaki babba suke haduwa. Babban wakilin bighorns ya rayu a lokacin Pleistocene a yankin Yakutia na yau.
Muhimmanci! Rashin haɗin kan dabbobi na wannan nau’in yanki ya ba da gudummawa ga samar da adadi mai yawa na sassan su. Kuma, duk da bambance-bambance a cikin ilimin kimiya da na waje, da samuwar siffofin matasan da ke yiwuwa, wanda ke ƙara damar dawo da ragon ragon.
Kamar yadda binciken binciken archaeological ya nuna, gindin ƙahonsa ya kai kimanin 11 cm a diamita, faɗin bayan kai ya kai cm 12, tazarar da ke tsakanin idanu ya kai cm 19. Irin wannan bayanai na iya nuni da cewa irin wannan nau’in tumakin manya-manyan tunkiya da suka gabata ne su ne zuriyar dabbobin zamani, tunda ta fuskar girmanta da tsarinta na zahiri ya fi kusa da manyan manya na zamani.
Halaye, bayanin waje
Tumakin babba yana da sauƙin bambanta daga sauran mambobi na asalin tumakin ta wurin girmansa, mai ƙarfi da girmansa. Saboda gaskiyar cewa babban mazaunin artiodactyls shine yankuna masu tsaunuka, a cikin jikinsu sun fi kusa da awakin dutse fiye da danginsu.
Tumakin dusar ƙanƙara yana da ɗan ƙaramin girma, jiki mai ƙarfi, tsayi mai tsayi, yanki mai gajarta, ƙaramin kai mai kyaun kunnuwa, kauri, gajerun gaɓoɓi masu ƙarfi. Tsawon jikin maza ya bambanta tsakanin 140-188 cm, tsayi a cikin ƙura yana kusan 120 cm, kuma nauyi shine 80-160 kg. Mata suna da ƙananan girma: tsayin jiki – 120-170 cm, tsawo a bushe – 90-110 cm, nauyi – har zuwa 70 kg. Mafi girma na zamani bighorns su ne Chukchi da Kamchatka.
Wani fasali na musamman da babban fa’idar bighorns, maza da mata, ƙahoni manya ne, masu nauyi da ƙarfi waɗanda ke kan kai. Tsawon su ya kai kusan 110 cm. Kaho yana da darajar farautar ganima ga ɗan adam, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawan dabbobin ya sha wahala sosai daga munanan ayyukan mafarauta.
A lokacin bazara, jikin artiodactyl an rufe shi da ƙaramin ulu. A cikin kaka, gashin waje yana ci gaba da girma, kuma a lokaci guda rigar ta fara girma. A lokacin hunturu, layin gashi mai laushi da tushen tsaro suna samun farin launi.
Shin kun sani? Bighorn ɗaya ne daga cikin ƴan halittu masu ɗalibi huɗu. Irin wannan tsari na gabobin hangen nesa yana cikin danginsu – tumaki, da mongooses da dorinar ruwa.
Balagaggen jima’i a cikin tumaki babba yana faruwa a shekara biyu. Haihuwar zuriya, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya faɗi a lokacin bazara. Manyan jarirai na girma da sauri da kuma rayayye, suna dacewa da sabon yanayin wurin zama. Bayan sun kai wata guda, yawancin raguna sun ƙi nonon uwa kuma su canza gaba ɗaya zuwa abincin manya. Haihuwar mace ba ta da yawa: rago ɗaya a kowane ciki.
Range da wuraren zama
Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, an lura da mafi girman yanki na rarraba raguna a tsaunukan Yakutia, yankin Magadan, Sakhalin, da Kamchatka. Mazauni mafi aminci ga artiodactyls sune wurare masu wuyar isa ga mutane da sauran dabbobi. A cikin lokacin sanyi, bighorns suna ƙaura zuwa wuraren da babu babban dusar ƙanƙara, in ba haka ba ba su da inda za su yi kiwo.
A yau, wakilan Putorana na tumaki suna cikin haɗari mafi girma, tun da suna da mafi ƙanƙanta mazaunin – Putorana Plateau a tsakiya. Ana iya samun dabbobi a bakin bakin kogin Norilsk, a cikin kogin Holokita, Deloch, Duluka.
Muhimmanci! Yankin mazaunin bighorn yana iyakance da tsayi sama da matakin teku. Yawancin lokaci sun fi son yankuna masu tsaunuka a tsayin akalla 300 m sama da teku.
Yawan jama’a na yanzu, motsi
Yankin wurin zama na tumaki a Rasha ya mamaye wani yanki daga Putorana Plateau zuwa Chukotka, kuma an iyakance shi a gefen kudu ta hanyar layi na 48.. Tare da wani yanki mai faɗi mai faɗi na rarraba, ba a lura da daidaiton yawan jama’a ba. Hakan na faruwa ne saboda yadda dabbobi ke kafa wasu rukunoni da aka kebe a kan gangaren tsaunuka.
Jimlar adadin tumaki da kyar ya canza a cikin shekaru 30-50 da suka gabata. Tsarin tsaunukan Verkhoyansk, wanda ke arewacin Siberiya, yana da mafi yawan jama’a a Tarayyar Rasha.
Gabaɗaya, akwai mutane uku na bighorns:
- arewa, wanda ke da dabbobi har dubu 11;
- tsakiya, tare da adadin mutane har zuwa 11,5 dubu;
- kudancin, wanda akwai game da 10,5-11,5 dubu dabbobi.
A gefe guda kuma, ayyukan mutane, musamman, ci gaban farauta, harbin dabbobi da mazauna yankin ke yi, da rashin isasshen kulawa da hukumomin gwamnati don kare dabbobi, na taimakawa wajen rage yawan raguna. Amma, a lokaci guda, raguwa mai mahimmanci na yawan jama’a ba ya faruwa, saboda raguwar rabon kiwo da kuma ƙaura da yawancin mazauna karkara zuwa birane. Hakanan an sami sauƙin farfadowar al’umma a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata ta hanyar rage yawan ayyukan binciken ƙasa.
A yau, yawan tumaki na bishiyoyi, yin la’akari da dukkan roman, mutane dubu 100 ne.
Nau’o’i
Rarraba yanki na tumakin arewa ya ba da gudummawa ga samuwar nau’ikan nau’ikan artiodactyls da yawa:
- Putransky. Babban wakilin tumaki na bighorn, wanda, saboda babban haɗari na lalacewa, an jera shi a cikin littafin ja. Iyakar wurin zama na artiodactyls shine Plateau Putran. Dabbobin ya bambanta a cikin ƙananan, har zuwa 1 m, girma, jiki mai karfi, gajerun kafafu. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaho na naɗewa a cikin sigar katantanwa mai fa’ida a kai.
- Ruby. Bighorns suna zaune a kan iyakar Momsky Range, Verkhoyansk, Chersky Range, a kudancin Yakutia a kan Stanovoy Range. Nau’in Yakut na ragon yana da tsayin jiki na 150-170 cm, tsayi a bushewar 100-110 cm, kuma nauyin kilogiram 80-100. Mata sun ɗan fi sauƙi kuma sun fi ƙanƙanta. Dabbobin da aka bayyana suna da daddare da ƙaho mafi dadewa na dukkan bangarorin duka, tsawon abin da ya kai daga 86 zuwa 110 cm. A lokaci guda, girth a gindi zai iya zama 39 cm. An bambanta tumakin Yakut da wani launi mai ban sha’awa: haske mai haske tare da kumatun duhu, launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ko jiki mai launin ruwan kasa. Za ka iya samun kusan gaba ɗaya farin bighorn mai haske mai haske, Jawo mai launin ocher.
- Kodarsky. Rago na Kodar gaba daya sun cika kogin Kodar, wanda ke cikin tsaunukan Vitimo-Olekminsky. Suna da babban gini mai ƙarfi, ƙahoni, da manyan idanu masu bayyanawa waɗanda ke ba su damar ganin nesa mai nisa. Babu duhu duhu a cikin launi na dabba, wanda ke cikin wakilan Yakut da Okhotsk. A ɓangarorin kodar bighorns babu tabo ko sharewar yanayi mai ban sha’awa. Gaɓar jikin suna da haske a launi.
- Okhotsk. Babban ɓangaren al’ummar Okhotsk ya tattara a kudu maso yammacin yankin Magadan. Artiodactyls an bambanta su ta hanyar ƙarfi, manyan ƙahoni, tsayin su ya kai 100-110 cm, girth a gindin ya kai 36 cm. Launin dabbobin ya kai ma, kusa da duhu.
- Kolyma. Wakilan yankin Kolyma suna zaune a yankin Magadan, sun fara daga kogin Kolyma kuma sun iyakance zuwa gefen dama na Kogin Kolyma. A cewar masana kimiyya, a yau yawan jama’a ya kai shugaban dubu 10. Dabbobi suna da siffa mai gangaren gangaren jiki, kai mai matsakaicin girma, manyan ƙahoni masu zunubi.
- Chukchi. Wakilan yankin Chukchi suna da girma sosai. Maza suna halin tsawon jiki na 180-190 cm, tsawo a bushe – 102-106 cm, nauyi – daga 90 zuwa 105 kg. Launin tumaki yayi kama da launi na ƙananan nau’ikan Yakut: lebur mai haske da jiki mai launin ruwan kasa. An jera Chukchi bighorn a cikin Red Littafin Rasha.
Zagayowar rayuwa
Tumakin dusar ƙanƙara suna da jinkirin, dabbobi masu natsuwa tare da yanayin kwanciyar hankali, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɓaka aiki yayin rana da wucewa da dare. Artiodactyls sun haɗu a cikin ƙungiyoyin mutane 4-6, suna jagorantar salon rayuwa. A duk tsawon rayuwarsu, manyan ƙaho suna hutawa kuma suna ciyar da abinci.
Lokacin mafi yawan aiki don tumaki shine lokacin kaka, lokacin da zasu iya zama cikin garken garken 20-30 kuma suna kiwo a wuraren kiwo masu wadata a abinci. Kafin farkon sanyi na hunturu, an raba garken zuwa rukuni na dabbobi 5-6. wannan rarraba ya sa ya fi sauri da inganci don tafiya cikin tsaunuka don neman abinci. Bighorns suna samun abinci daga ƙarƙashin murfin dusar ƙanƙara, suna karya shi da kofatonsu. Lokacin hunturu shine lokacin mafi wahala – yawancin su ba sa rayuwa har sai bazara, suna mutuwa da gajiya.
Duk da girman jikinsu, raguna cikin sauƙi suna tafiya tare da gangaren tsaunin, da sauri kuma suna iya tsalle har zuwa 2-3 m. Artiodactyls suna samun abincin su a cikin kwazazzabo na tsaunuka, tare da bakin tekun koguna, kusa da rafukan dutse. Wani lokaci za su iya komawa cikin filayen, amma a cikin ƙaramin haɗari suna komawa zuwa tsaunuka da sauri.
Dabbobi suna zaɓar wuraren hutawa a cikin yankuna waɗanda ke da kyau a iya gani a wurare daban-daban. Suna amfani da kofatonsu wajen tona qananan ramuka da suke kwanciya da daddare. Tumakin dusar ƙanƙara suna da ƙayyadaddun ra’ayin mazan jiya kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai ga yankin da wuraren kiwo. Suna jiran wahalhalun yanayi a matsugunai daban-daban: kogo, bakin ciki na dutse, da dai sauransu.
Siffofin hali
Tumakin dusar ƙanƙara suna bambanta da yanayin zaman lafiya, kwanciyar hankali, kusan ba su nuna zalunci ba. Dabbobi sun yi shiru sosai, lokaci-lokaci kawai za ka iya jin sautin shiru daga gare su, mai kama da busa. Bugu da kari, bighorns na da kyakkyawar hazaka, wanda hakan ke nuni da cewa ba su taba kwantawa a gindin tudun ba ta yadda za su yi fice a kan bangon sararin sama mai haske, ko da yaushe suna dan tsugunna.
Hakanan zaka iya lura da ingantaccen ikon lura da su. Rams na iya tafiya cikin sauƙi tare da ƙugiya, yayin da daga yawancin duwatsun da ba su da ƙarfi za su zaɓi ɗaya wanda za a iya dogara da shi lafiya.
Shugabannin garken suna da ma’anar haɗari na musamman. Jin damuwa, ba su kwantar da hankali ba na dogon lokaci, barin wurin ciyarwa kuma su tafi da duk membobin kungiyar tare da su. A cikin ƴan ƙaramar tsoro, ana harhada ragunan cikin ɗimbin yawa kuma su kasance marasa motsi har sai shugaba ya tantance girman barazanar. Ganin abokan gaba sai shugaban garken ya gudu yana tsara alkibla da saurin gudu, sauran jama’a suka bi shi.
Canje-canje daga wannan wuri zuwa wani yawanci maza ne masu rinjaye (a cikin ƙungiyoyin digiri) ko kuma babbar mace. Dukan ƙungiyar suna tafiya a hankali a cikin sarkar, suna kulawa ta musamman akan tudu masu tudu, kusa da kwazazzabai, a wuraren da ke faɗuwa.
Abin da za a ci
Tsarin ilimin lissafi na gabobin ciki na tumaki bighorn iri ɗaya ne da na dabbobin gida. Abin da ya sa babban ɓangaren abincin dabbobi shine abinci na shuka, musamman ganye mai laushi, berries, rassan shuka.
Bighorns suna ciyar da nau’ikan tsire-tsire sama da 320, gami da fungi da lichens. A cikin bazara da kaka, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, berries da namomin kaza sun zama tushen abincin. A cikin hunturu, bushewar ciyawa, tushen …
