Menene cututtuka da kwari na kabewa? Hanyoyin sarrafawa da rigakafi

Ba za a iya kiran kabewa shuka mara lafiya ba – yana da ingantaccen rigakafi ga cututtuka da kwari. Cututtukan wannan al’ada suna haifar da rashin aikin gona da yanayin girma mara kyau. Za mu gano abin da kabewa ba shi da lafiya, abin da kwari ke yi masa barazana, da yadda za a magance shi duka.

Menene kabewa mara lafiya?

Kabewa na iya fama da cututtukan fungal, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Sanin alamun cututtuka, kulawa mai sauƙi da matakan rigakafi zai taimaka wajen rage haɗarin lalacewa zuwa ƙananan.

Bacteriosis

Yana cikin nau’in cututtuka mafi haɗari. Zai iya haifar da babbar asarar amfanin gona. Abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka sune kwayoyin phytopathogenic. Ana ɗaukar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyoyi daban-daban – ruwa, iska, tsuntsaye, kwari.

Ana samun saukin yaduwar cutar ta hanyar:

• canjin yanayin zafi;
• ƙara ƙasa da danshi na iska.

Alamun bacteriosis:

• Dark kore spots bayyana a kan ganye.
• Kabewa suna da ciwon kai. ‘Ya’yan itãcen marmari sun lalace, samun nau’i mai banƙyama.
• Ganyen sun zama kamar grid. An dige su da ɗigon ramuka.

Bacteriosis na ci gaba a kan tsaba da tarkace shuka, don haka dole ne a cire su daga wurin kuma a lalata su.

Yadda ake magance:

• fesa tare da 1% ruwa Bordeaux;
• fesa da 0.4% jan karfe chloride.

Don hana cutar, ana aiwatar da disinfection na tsaba tare da zinc sulfate 0,02% kafin shuka.

ruwan hoda mučnistaâ

Cutar fungal wanda yawanci yakan bayyana ya saba wa fasahar aikin gona. Yada ta spores. Kamuwa da cuta na iya faruwa ta hanyar tarkacen shuka.

Abubuwa masu tsokana:

• dampness da sanyi;
• yawan nitrogen a cikin ƙasa.

Alamun powdery mildew:

• a kan ganye – zagaye fararen spots;
• spots suna haɗuwa cikin babban ɗaya – wani farin rufi ya rufe dukan takardar;
• A tsawon lokaci, farar fata yana wucewa zuwa duk sassan kabewa;
• sassan da abin ya shafa na shuka, duhu, bushewa;
• cutar ta rushe photosynthesis – wannan yana haifar da raguwa a cikin samuwar ovaries, lalacewar dandano da ingancin ‘ya’yan itatuwa.

Yadda ake magance:

• Ana kula da tsire-tsire marasa lafiya tare da sulfur colloidal – ana amfani da 70% manna ko 80% granules. An shirya maganin ta hanyar haɗuwa da lita 10 na ruwa da 20 g na sulfur.
• Fesa tare da maganin mullein. Ana zuba mullein sabo da ruwa (1: 3) kuma a shayar da shi har tsawon kwanaki 3. Iri, tsarma da ruwa – 3 lita na ruwa da 1 lita na jiko.
• Idan hanyoyin da ke sama ba su taimaka ba, fesa shuka tare da Topaz.

Don rage haɗarin lalacewa, ana bada shawara don zaɓar nau’in kabewa na zamani.

Idan ganyen sun kamu da cutar sosai, an kafa jikin ‘ya’yan itace akan su, wanda a cikinsa spores na naman gwari ke girma.

Downy Mildew

A bayyanar, peronosporosis (wannan shine sunan na biyu na cutar) yayi kama da mildew powdery. Ana iya bambanta cututtuka ta launi na plaque. A cikin powdery mildew yana da fari, a cikin peronosporosis yana da launin toka tare da launin shuɗi.

Abubuwa masu tayar da hankali:

• babban zafi;
• zazzabi a cikin kewayon daga +16 zuwa +22 ° C;
• ruwan sama da hazo.

Lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi zuwa +30 ° C, alamun mildew na ƙasa suna ɓacewa.

Peronosporosis bayyanar cututtuka:

• launin toka mai launin toka yana maida hankali akan ciki na foliage;
• gefen waje na ganye yana rufe da launin rawaya, bayan lokaci sun fara duhu;
• ganye suna rasa ruwa, su bushe, su zama tsinke.

Yadda ake magance:

• Fesa tare da bayani na jan karfe oxychloride (35 g da lita 10 na ruwa).
• Duk sassan tsire-tsire – marasa lafiya da lafiya – suna ƙarƙashin sarrafawa.

Don rage haɗarin peronosporosis, lura da tsayayyen lokaci tsakanin tsire-tsire – thickening yana taimakawa ga cutar.

Tushen rube

Yana kai hari tushen shuka. Tsire-tsire masu rauni yawanci suna kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta. Idan lokaci bai dauki mataki ba, tsire-tsire sun mutu.

Me ke kawo rubewar tushen:

• kaifi zafin jiki saukad;
• shayar da ruwan sanyi.

Alamomin rubewar tushen:

• Tushen kabewa suna yin launin toka mai launin ruwan toka kuma suna yin laushi.
• Ganyen da ke ƙasan shukar suna juya rawaya.
• Kabewa yana daina girma da girma.

Hanyoyin magani:

• Disinfection na tsaba a cikin 0,5% bayani na jan karfe salts.
• An cire saman saman ƙasa. Madadin haka, ana ƙara sabon ƙasa mara cutar, peat, yashi ko sawdust.
• Sashin ƙasa na ƙasa na tsire-tsire ana bi da shi tare da toka itace, lemun tsami mai laushi, murƙushe gawayi ko alli.
• Fesa tare da maganin 1% na “Fundazol”.

Shayarwa da ruwan dumi (daga +20 ° C) da kuma maganin ƙasa tare da Previkur fungicide yana taimakawa wajen rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta tare da rot.

kore tabo

Wannan cuta tana bayyana a rabi na biyu na lokacin rani, jim kaɗan kafin girbi. Iska da ruwa ne ke ɗauke da cutar. Da farko, bayyanar cututtuka kusan ba a iya gani, amma cutar ta bayyana sosai a lokacin ajiya.

Abubuwa masu tayar da hankali:

• kasa yumbu;
• yanayin zafi kwatsam.

Alamomin koren tabo:

• spots suna bayyana akan kabewa – kore mai haske ko launin ruwan kasa;
• fashewar ɓawon burodi;
• a lokacin ajiya, ‘ya’yan itatuwa da abin ya shafa sun lalace daga ciki kuma suna saurin rubewa.

‘Ya’yan itãcen marmari da launin kore ya shafa ba a adana su don ajiya – dole ne a sanya su cikin aiki nan da nan bayan girbi.

Yadda ake maganin tabo mai kore:

• spraying tare da ruwa Bordeaux;
• Jiyya tare da Alirin-B.

Matakan masu zuwa suna taimakawa hana koren tabo:

• amfani da hanyar girma seedling;
• zaɓi na manyan tsaba masu nauyi;
• disinfection iri tare da ruwan ‘ya’yan Aloe ko bayani na potassium permanganate;
• iri hardening.

rawaya mosaic

Cutar ta bayyana kanta da wuri – da zaran harbe sun bayyana. Ko kadan daga baya – a kan kananan bushes. Ana yada cutar ta cikin ƙasa, da kuma kwari – aphids, whiteflies da sauransu.

Kabewa a kan mosaic rawaya ba shi da isasshen rigakafi. Akwai haɗarin kamuwa da cuta na biyu, wanda a kusan 100% na lokuta yana haifar da mutuwar tsire-tsire.

Abubuwa masu tayar da hankali:

Alamomi:

• a kan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, ganyen sun zama fari da curl;
• a kan manya – an rufe ganye da alamu masu launin rawaya;
• shuka yayi kama da rashin lafiya kuma ya daina girma;
• ‘ya’yan itãcen marmari sun lalace kuma ba su ci gaba ba, launin su ya zama mosaic.

Yadda ake magance:

• fesa da maganin karbofos;
• idan kabewa na greenhouse ba shi da lafiya, an cire saman saman ƙasa, kuma ana amfani da maganin 0,5% na trisodium phosphate don magance greenhouse.

Matakan masu zuwa zasu taimaka hana mosaic rawaya:

• disinfection na iri abu a cikin potassium permanganate;
• magani tare da maganin antifungal “Pharmaiod-3”;
• jiyya na shuke-shuke tare da emulsion shirya a kan tushen ma’adinai mai.

Bayan fesa tsire-tsire masu kamuwa da cuta, ana dafa tufafi sau da yawa – ƙwayar mosaic mai launin rawaya na iya kasancewa a kan masana’anta har tsawon shekaru 2.

Anthracnose

Wannan cutar fungal tana shafar ganye da kabewa. Ana ɗaukar spores na naman gwari ta cikin iska kuma, tare da ruwan sama, kwari suna ɗaukar su.

Suman da aka shafa da anthracnose ba su dace da abinci ba – naman su yana samun dandano mai ɗaci.

Dalilai:

• babban zafi;
• kasancewar ciyawa a yankin;
• zafi

Alamun Anthracnose:

• manyan wuraren launin ruwan kasa-rawaya suna bayyana akan ganye;
• a kan lokaci, aibobi sun bushe kuma suna raguwa;
• sa’an nan kuma kamuwa da cuta ya wuce zuwa ga mai tushe da ‘ya’yan itatuwa – an rufe su da launin ruwan kasa;
• tsiron ya bushe, gourds ya bushe ya ruɓe.

Jiyya:

• fesa tare da 1% ruwa Bordeaux;
• magani tare da miyagun ƙwayoyi “HOM”.

A farkon bayyanar cututtuka na anthracnose, ya kamata a bi da shuka tare da ɗaya daga cikin magungunan da ke sama. Idan shuka ya kamu da cutar gaba daya, an cire shi kuma a lalata shi.

Rigakafin anthracnose, ban da ma’auni na gabaɗaya, ya haɗa da kula da tsire-tsire tare da foda sulfur.

Lokacin girbi, suna ƙoƙarin kada su lalata kwasfa na kabewa – ƙwayoyin naman gwari na iya shiga cikin fashe cikin ‘ya’yan itace.

Don hana anthracnose, ana amfani da maganin iri tare da ash:

• tsoma 2 g na ash a cikin lita 40 na ruwan dumi;
• ajiye a wuri mai duhu don kwana ɗaya;
• jiƙa da tsaba don 6 hours a cikin bayani;
• bushe da amfani da shuka.

Fusarium so

Dalilin dalili shine naman gwari na ƙasa wanda zai iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa na dogon lokaci. Hakanan yana tsira akan tsaba. Kamuwa da cuta yana faruwa ta cikin ƙasa – naman gwari na farko ya shiga cikin tushen, sa’an nan kuma ya yada ta cikin tsarin jijiyoyin jini na tushe.

Kuna iya cutar da shuka a lokacin ciyayi da tuddai – lalata tushen. Naman gwari yana shiga cikin sauri ta raunuka da fasa.

Dalilai:

• ƙananan yanayin zafi a matakin germination;
• high yanayin zafi a mataki na girma shuka;
• yumbu da ƙasa mai laushi a cikin yanayin fari;
• ƙara yawan acidity na ƙasa.

Fusarium wilt bayyanar cututtuka:

• raunana tsarin tushen;
• thinning na mai tushe;
• wuraren da abin ya shafa an rufe su da fure-fure mai ruwan hoda;
• ganyen ya zama rawaya idan lokacin rani ya bushe kuma ya bushe.

Kusan ba zai yuwu a gano Fusarium a farkon matakin ba, tunda cutar ta fara ne daga tushen. Lokacin da alamun suka bayyana, duk shuka ya riga ya shafa, ya rage kawai don halakar da shi. Sabili da haka, duk matakan da za a magance Fusarium wilt suna da kariya, da nufin hana cutar.

Rigakafin fusarium wilt:

• babban miya tare da kwayoyin halitta da takin mai magani tare da babban abun ciki na phosphorus da potassium;
• sarrafa seedlings “Kornevin”;
• maganin ƙasa tare da fungicides, alal misali, “Fundazol”, “Fitosporin-M”, “Bactofit”, da dai sauransu;
• spraying seedlings tare da maganin madara da aidin.

Farar rube

Sclerotinia (suna na biyu) yana rinjayar kabewa a matakin ‘ya’yan itace – ‘ya’yan itatuwa da duk sassan da ke sama. Dalilin da ya haifar da naman gwari shine naman gwari, spores wanda ke yin hibernate a cikin ƙasa, sa’an nan kuma iska ta ɗauke shi. Cutar ta shafi al’adu iri-iri kuma tana da yawa a Rasha.

Dalilan bayyanar:

• waterlogging na ƙasa;
• zafi mai zafi – kusan 90%;
• ƙananan zafin jiki – daga +12 zuwa +15 ° C;
• shayar da ruwan sanyi;
• m fit.

Alamomin rubewar fari:

• wani farar fata mai laushi yana bayyana akan ‘ya’yan itatuwa da aka shafa;
• kara a kan ‘ya’yan itatuwa suna bayyana sclerotia – aibobi masu duhu;
• wuraren da abin ya shafa sun zama taushi.

A sakamakon cutar, duk ‘ya’yan itatuwa da suka shafa suna mutuwa yayin da suke cikin itacen inabi ko kuma daga baya, bayan girbi. Kabewa da aka tsiro daga shuka mara lafiya na iya zama lafiya, amma tabbas za su ruɓe yayin ajiya.

Yadda ake magance:

• yayyafa sassan da abin ya shafa tare da dakakken alli ko gawayi;
• gashi wuraren da ba su da lafiya na ‘ya’yan itace tare da manna na alli, potassium permanganate da ruwa;
• yanke wurin da abin ya shafa, ɗaukar sashin lafiyayyan tayin.

Don hana farar ruɓe, ana fesa shuke-shuke:

• bayani na urea (10 g), zinc sulfate (1 g) da jan karfe sulfate (2 g);
• a mataki na ganye uku, ana kula da ruwa na Bordeaux.

Kabewa kwari da kuma kula da hanyoyin

Babu kwari da yawa a cikin kabewa, kuma manyan hanyoyin gwagwarmaya su ne jama’a. Masu lambu suna ƙoƙari su yi amfani da “chemistry” a cikin mafi yawan lokuta.

Melon Caviar

Ana iya ganin wannan kwaro a cikin ganyayyaki – a nan ne suke zama a cikin yankunansu. Aphid larvae na iya bayyana a cikin furanni da ovaries.

Aphid yana da jiki mai launin rawaya ko launin kore, tsawonsa shine 1,25-2 mm. Kwarin yana shan ruwan ‘ya’yan itace na shuka, don haka dole ne a lalata aphids da wuri-wuri.

Idan ba a kawar da kwari marasa fuka-fuki ba, a shekara mai zuwa lambun mata masu fuka-fuki za su kai hari, wanda, daga shuka zuwa shuka, zai lalata amfanin gona da sauri.

Rashin shan kashi na aphids yana ba da gudummawa ga:

• ciyawa;
• cin zarafin fasahar noma da rashin rigakafi.

Alamomin shan kashi:

• zanen gado curls da fadowa kashe a kan lokaci;
• furanni sun fadi;
• shuka ya daina girma, yiwuwar mutuwar shuka yana da yawa.

Aphids sune masu ɗaukar cututtuka masu haɗari.

Abin da za a fesa:

• Decoctions na celandine da wormwood. A cikin guga – zuba 2-3 kilogiram na yankakken ciyawa da ruwa. Sun dage kwanaki.
• Jiko na kwasfa albasa. A cikin lita 10 na ruwan dumi nace 200 g na husk.
• Maganin sabulu. 150 g na sabulun wanki yana diluted a cikin guga.
• Shirye-shiryen sinadarai – Karbofos, da dai sauransu.

Jiyya tare da “Chemistry” ya kamata a dakatar da kwanaki 20 kafin girbi.

Ana iya hana hare-haren aphid ta hanyar jawo ladybugs.

gizo-gizo mite

Mite gizo-gizo ƙarami ne amma mafi munin makiyin kabewa. Idan ba ku taimaki shuka ba, tabbas zai mutu.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da bayyanar mites gizo-gizo:

• bushe da yanayin zafi;
• rashin digging kaka – larvae, ticks overwinter a cikin ƙasa.

Tsawon jikin kaska shine 0,3-0,4 mm. Yana rayuwa a cikin ganyayyaki. Bayan sun zauna a kan shuka, kwari a hankali suna zana duk ruwan ‘ya’yan itace daga ciki.

Alamomin shan kashi:

• a cikin ganyayyaki – rawaya …