Jagoran mataki-mataki don shuka chard na Swiss

Chard wani nau’in beetroot ne ba tare da tushen kayan lambu ba, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman kore na yau da kullun. Ba za a iya kiran al’adar shahararru ba, da wuya masu lambun mu ke girma. Za mu gano mene ne fasalin wannan kayan lambu mai ganye, yadda ake shuka shi, da girma, da yadda ake girbi babban amfanin gona.

Asalin al’adu

Ganyen gwoza – chard, shine nau’in gwoza na yau da kullun. Kudu da tsakiyar nahiyar Turai ana daukar su a matsayin wurin haifuwar al’adu.

Ana ɗaukar Chard al’adun kayan lambu ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin. Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa an noma shi a farkon shekaru dubu biyu BC. e. Chard beets ya bayyana sakamakon shahararren zaɓi. Akwai sigar cewa an samo kayan lambu ta zaɓin wucin gadi daga beets na yau da kullun.

A Rasha, an dasa al’ada tun daga karni na 16. A nan an dade ana kiransa “beetroot”.

Saboda sauyin yanayi da ƙasa, shuka ya samo asali – an rarraba tushen amfanin gona a nisa, kyallen takarda masu wuya sun sami juiciness da nama. Chard, a gaskiya, shi ne kakan tebur beets, don haka waɗannan amfanin gona biyu suna da irin wannan aikin noma.

Bayanin shuka

Al’adar ta zuriyar Beetroot ce daga dangin Amaranth, kuma tana haɓaka cikin zagayowar shekaru biyu. A cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa, shuka yana samar da ganyen rosette, kuma a cikin na biyu yana fure, yana samar da tsaba.

A cikin bayyanar, chard yayi kama da manyan gwoza na yau da kullun. Yana da tushen da ba za a iya ci ba, ganye da petioles ne kawai ake ci.

Taƙaice bayanin shuka:

Ganyayyaki. M, elongated, kumfa. Sun bambanta a cikin matakin curlyness – dangane da iri-iri.
mai tushe. Nama da karfi. Launi na mai tushe ya dogara da iri-iri, suna da haske rawaya, azurfa, burgundy, kore.
Tushen. Mai tsawo, silinda. Naman fari ne ko ja. Yana da rubutu mai wuya da ɗanɗano mara daɗi. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, yana girma zuwa girman hannu kuma yana samun launi iri ɗaya kamar petioles.

Halayen gwoza ganye:

Tushen chard sun fi ganye dadi. Suna dandana kamar rhubarb ko seleri.
Mai tsananin sanyi fiye da nau’in tebur. Saboda haka, ana iya shuka shi a baya, kuma a girbe shi har sai sanyi.
Yawan aiki a noman masana’antu – 70-100 t / ha.

Duk nau’ikan beets ganye sun kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyi:

Petiolate (kara). Suna da fitattun jijiyoyi. Ganyen suna da ƙanana a girman, kuma petioles suna da kauri sosai kuma suna da ɗanɗano. Ana iya amfani da su maimakon bishiyar asparagus.
Don sa mai tushe ya girma kuma ya yi kauri, masu lambu suna amfani da ganyen yankan.
Leafy. Waɗannan nau’ikan suna da fure-fure na manyan ganyen nama. Irin wannan chards suna da suna na biyu – kabeji Roman. Mai ikon maye gurbin letas, kabeji, alayyafo da sauran kayan lambu masu ganye a cikin jita-jita daban-daban. Itacen zai iya jurewa a cikin ƙasa, yana samar da kayan amfanin gona na farkon bazara na sabbin ganye.

Fa’idodi da rashin amfani

Lokacin yanke shawarar ko shuka chard akan rukunin yanar gizon su, masu lambu yakamata suyi la’akari da fa’ida da rashin amfanin wannan amfanin gona:

Amfanin leaf beets:

yana ripens da wuri;
yayi kyau;
mai kyau a dandano;
m;
yana ba da ‘ya’ya na dogon lokaci;
mai arziki a cikin bitamin da ma’adanai;
yana jure sanyi da kyau;
ba ya rage ƙasa;
makwabci ne mai kyau ga sauran kayan lambu;
yana jure tasirin muhalli mara kyau;
yana da babban rigakafi;
m;
ya ƙunshi yawancin sunadarai da pectin;
low-kalori.

Rage chard kawai shine wahalar girbi don lokacin hunturu. Ganyen daskararre da tsintsin ganye da petioles suna ɗanɗano da ƙamshi kaɗan kamar sabon samfur.

Shahararrun nau’ikan chard da fasalin su

Akwai nau’ikan ganye da yawa (letas) beets, waɗanda suka bambanta da juna a cikin launi na mai tushe da roughness na ganye.

Da farko, ya kamata ku kula da nau’ikan:

Farko-mai haihuwa. Mirage (41-42 days), Ruby (34-38 days), Scarlet (35-40 days), Garnet (32-41 days).
Bloom resistant. Waɗannan su ne nau’ikan Ruman, Ruby, Scarlet.

Shahararrun nau’ikan beets ganye:

Emerald Karamin shuke-shuke tare da rosettes na tsaye da faffadan petioles. Tsayin shuka 30-45 cm. Ganyen suna da haske kore. Yawan amfanin daji guda ɗaya shine kilogiram 1 na petioles da ganye. Wannan shine farkon cikakke iri-iri tare da lokacin girma na kwanaki 60.
Aly A matasan resistant zuwa flowering. Da wuri cikakke, girbi na farko yana shirye a cikin kwanaki 35-40, ya kai cikakken balaga a cikin kwanaki 90. Rosette yana bazuwa, ganyen shuɗi-kore, shuɗi, har zuwa 60 cm tsayi. Tsawon petioles shine har zuwa 25 cm. Launi ja ne. Daga 1 sq. m tattara 3-5 kg na ganye da petioles, a cikin greenhouse – 10 kg.
Kore. Late-ripening iri-iri, ripening a cikin kwanaki 85-120. Socket ɗin yana tsaka-tsaki ne. Tsawon shuka – har zuwa 60 cm. Ganyen suna da duhu kore, masu kumfa, masu sheki. Petioles kore ne, har zuwa 25 cm tsayi.
Kyau. Hybrid iri-iri tare da ƙaramin rosettes na tsaye. Ganyen suna da girma, duhu kore, petioles suna da haske ja. Tsawon – 40-45 cm. Ganyen suna da kauri, masu daɗi da nama. Ripens a cikin kwanaki 60. 0,8 kilogiram na ganye ana tattara daga shuka ɗaya.
Azurfa. Bushes suna da ƙarfi, ganye suna da nama, kore. Petioles fari ne na azurfa. Ganyen suna da lanƙwasa-kumburi ko santsi-santsi. Yawan aiki zai iya kai kilogiram 6 a kowace sq m.

Yanayin girma

Ba wai kawai yawan amfanin gona ba, har ma da halayen ingancinsa sun dogara da yanayin girma. Dandanan sashin sararin samaniya yana shafar abun da ke cikin ƙasa, yarda da fasahar aikin gona, zafin jiki, haske da sauran dalilai.

Zaɓin Yanar Gizo

Ana iya samun girbi mai kyau na chard akan ƙasa mai albarka. A kan ƙasa mara kyau da nauyi lãka, ganyen chard suna girma mara kyau da rashin ɗanɗano.

Abin da ya kamata ya zama makirci don girma chard:

Acidity na ƙasa daga pH 6.
Kyakkyawan haske.
Ba a ba da izinin sauka a cikin ƙananan wurare inda aka ga ruwa mara kyau. Al’adar ba ta yarda da zubar ruwa ba.

Lokacin zabar rukunin yanar gizon, kiyaye ka’idodin juyawa amfanin gona. Chard baya girma da kyau bayan alayyafo.

Nasihar magabata:

karas;
radish;
wake;
tumatir;
kokwamba;
dankali;
radish.

A wuri guda, ana shuka beets ganye a cikin tazara na shekaru 3-4.

Shirye-shiryen ƙasa

A ƙarƙashin chard, an shirya ƙasa kamar yadda a ƙarƙashin gwoza tebur. Al’adar na bukatar sako-sako, kasa m. A kan ƙasa mara kyau, gwoza ganye yana rasa juiciness, petioles ya zama m da sinewy.

An haƙa ƙasa a cikin kaka zuwa zurfin 30 cm, yana gabatar da abubuwan da ke gaba:

takin, peat, humus ko sauran takin gargajiya – 4-5 kg ta 1 sq. m;
superphosphate – 20-25 g;
potassium chloride – 15-20 g.

A cikin ƙasa mai nauyi, mai yawa da yumbu, ana ƙara yashi don sassauta tsarin.

Zazzabi da haske

Domin chard ya ba da ganye mai daɗi da yawa, yana buƙatar wasu yanayin zafin jiki da bin tsarin tsarin haske.

Fasalolin zafin jiki:

Mafi kyawun zafin jiki don girma shine daga +16 zuwa +25 ° C;
lokacin fure – daga +20 zuwa +25 ° C;
idan an samar da al’ada tare da shayarwa mai kyau, zai iya girma kullum ko da a +35 ° C;
tsaba suna tsiro a +6….+7°C;
Tsire-tsire matasa, kasancewa a cikin lokaci na 3-4 ganye na gaskiya, suna iya jure wa ƙananan zafin jiki zuwa -3 ° C.

Chard baya buƙatar haske na musamman. Wannan tsire-tsire yana tsiro da kyau duka a cikin wuraren haske da kuma cikin ƙaramin shading.

Lokacin dasa shuki a cikin inuwa, dole ne a la’akari da waɗannan abubuwan:

tare da rashin hasken rana, yawancin nitrates suna tarawa a cikin ganyen chard;
dogon shading yana kaiwa ga raguwar girma da ƙananan ganye.

Dasa ganye beets

Ana iya shuka Chard ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Za mu koyi yadda kuma a wane lokaci za a shuka beets leaf.

Ranar ƙarshe

Chard al’ada ce mai jure sanyi wacce ke ba da ganye da wuri. Ana girbe chard na farko lokacin da sauran kayan lambu ba su yi girma ba tukuna.

Don samun amfanin gona na gwoza ganye koyaushe, ana shuka shi sau uku:

a farkon watan Mayu;
a watan Yuli;
a karshen Oktoba.

Ƙarin ainihin kwanakin shuka ya dogara da iri-iri da yanayin yanayin yankin. Babban yanayin shuka iri shine dumama ƙasa har zuwa +5 ° C.

A kudancin kasar, ana shuka tsaba 2-3 makonni baya fiye da sauran yankuna. A cikin wuraren da ke da sanyi da gajere lokacin bazara, ana ba da shawarar noman seedling ko greenhouse.

Fasahar shuka bazara

Kafin shuka tsaba a cikin ƙasa a cikin bazara, ana jika su a cikin ruwan dumi (+40 ° C). Bayan kwanaki 2, tsaba suna shirye don dasa shuki. Maimakon ruwa, zaka iya amfani da biostimulator, alal misali, “Epin”, wanda aka ajiye tsaba na tsawon sa’o’i 2. Ana dasa Chard a jere.

Yadda ake shuka beets ganye:

Yi ƙananan furrows a cikin gadaje. Tazarar da ke tsakanin furrows na kusa ya dogara da nau’in chard:
- don nau’in petiolate – daga 35 zuwa 50 cm;
- don leafy – 20-30 cm.
Yada germinated tsaba tare da tsagi. Nisa tsakanin tsaba da ke kusa shine daga 2 zuwa 5 cm.
Rufe tsaba da ƙasa. Layer kauri – 3-4 cm.

Don shuka 1 sq m yana buƙatar 1-1,5 g na tsaba.

Shuka kafin hunturu

Ana iya shuka Chard kafin hunturu. Ana yin wannan hanyar noma a cikin yankuna da ke da gajeriyar lokacin sanyi da sanyi mai sanyi.

Siffofin shukar hunturu:

Shirya furrows don shuka a gaba.
Shirya guga na busassun ƙasa kuma bar shi a cikin dakin dumi.
Jira sanyi. Shuka tsaba a cikin ƙasa mai daskarewa. Yada su tare da tsagi tare da tazara na 2-5 cm. Tsarin shuka yayi kama da shuka bazara.
Rufe tsaba tare da ƙasa da aka shirya – bushe da dumi.
Seedlings suna bayyana a farkon bazara, kuma idan akwai barazanar sanyi, ana bada shawarar rufe su.

Hanyar shuka iri

Ana aiwatar da hanyar noman seedling a cikin yankuna masu tsayin hunturu da gajeriyar lokacin bazara. An girbe amfanin gona da aka samu ta hanyar tsire-tsire wata daya kafin lokacin shuka a cikin gadaje.

Hanyar girma ta hanyar seedling:

Shuka tsaba don seedlings a watan Maris ko farkon Afrilu. Shuka tsaba a cikin ƙasa da aka saya ko a cikin ƙasan lambu. Shuka ba thickly sabõda haka, seedlings ba su tsoma baki tare da juna. Nisa tsakanin tsaba da ke kusa shine 2-3 cm.
Rufe amfanin gona tare da kayan abu mai haske kuma sanya a wuri mai dumi. Harbe zai bayyana a cikin kwanaki 4-5.
Matsar da tsire-tsire kusa da haske. Mafi kyawun zafin jiki don seedlings shine daga +13 zuwa +15 ° C.
Shuka tsaba sau ɗaya, barin 7 cm tsakanin seedlings.
Kwanaki 30-35 bayan shuka, tsire-tsire za su sami ganye na gaske 2-3, dasa su cikin ƙasa buɗe kamar yadda ake shuka a cikin ƙasa buɗe – 40-50 × 20-30 cm.

Umarnin kulawa

Leaf gwoza baya bukatar hadaddun kulawa, shi ne mai wuya da unpretentious shuka. Ayyukan mai aikin lambu shine don ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan yanayi don ta don girbi ba kawai mai yawa ba, amma har ma da kyawawan halaye masu dandano.

Bakin ciki

Yawancin sprouts suna tsiro daga kowace iri, don haka dole ne a cire shuka akai-akai. Ba za a yarda da kauri Chard ba. Tsire-tsire da ke girma kusa da juna ba su haɓaka da kyau, haɗarin haɓaka cututtukan fungal yana ƙaruwa.

Siffofin beets ganye masu bakin ciki:

Ana aiwatar da abubuwa da yawa a lokacin kakar.
Duk raunin rauni yana ƙarƙashin cirewa. Hakanan cire sprouts waɗanda suka tashi daga baya fiye da sauran.
Sakamakon thinning ya kamata ya zama nisa tsakanin tsire-tsire makwabta:
- a cikin nau’in petiolate – 40 cm;
- a cikin nau’in ganye – 15 cm.

Ruwa

Leaf gwoza ne mai son danshi amfanin gona, wanda, tare da rashin danshi, jinkirin girma da kuma ci gaba.

Siffofin watering chard:

Mitar shayarwa – sau ɗaya kowace kwana 2.
A cikin fari, shayarwa ya zama mai yawa, saboda rashin ruwa yana haifar da wilting na ganye.
Al’adar tana da mahimmanci musamman a lokacin mataki daga shuka zuwa lokacin bayyanar sprouts.
Don riƙe danshi, ƙasa tana ciyawa.
Lokacin shayar da beets, yana da mahimmanci don kula da ma’auni – chard yana amsa daidai daidai da fari da ruwa maras kyau.

Sako da sako

Bayan shayarwa, ana bada shawara don sassauta ƙasa, a lokaci guda cire ciyawa. Sake ƙasa tare da rake, jagorancin motsi yana cikin layuka. Loosening, inganta aeration, hana ci gaban da yawa cututtuka.

Don hana ci gaban ciyawa da rage jinkirin asarar danshi, ana yayyafa ƙasa tare da peat ko humus.

Ƙarin hadi

Al’adar tana jin daɗin ciyarwa. Ana amfani da yawancin taki kafin shuka ko dasa shuki.

Ana amfani da taki:

a lokacin girma;
a mataki…