Kiwon tumaki masu kyau na ulu suna wakiltar jinsin zuriyar Merino. Sulun su shine mafi ƙanƙanta – tare da diamita na 16 zuwa 24 microns. Yana da kyau ga samfuran jarirai: taushi, dumi. Game da nau’ikan nau’ikan da ke wakiltar wannan shugabanci, halayen su da fasali – karanta kara a cikin labarin.
Gabaɗaya halaye da bayanin
Akwai sama da nau’in tumaki 1000 a duniya, wanda hakan ya sa su zama dabbobin da suka fi kowane nau’in dabbobi rajista. Yawancin sanannun nau’o’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i) suna da daraja don amfanin da suke kawowa ga samar da ulu da nama. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da halaye biyu, misali, ulu na nama.
Shin kun sani? Siffar ulun sirara ita ce za a iya dinka abubuwa sau 3 fiye da adadin ulun ulu na tunkiya..
Za a iya rarraba ulu zuwa manyan sassa huɗu:
- lallausan ulu;
- dogon gashi;
- matsakaici-masu gashi;
- kafet ulu.
Wannan labarin ya mai da hankali kan farkon waɗannan rukunin. Tumaki masu kyau, banda merino, giciye ne. Misali, an halicci nau’in corriedale na New Zealand ta hanyar haye Merino tare da Lincoln mai dogon gashi. An samo wasu daga cikin waɗannan duwatsu a cikin karni na XNUMX.
Babban Properties na lallausan ulu zaruruwa:
- kauri ulu: 20-30 microns;
- sinuosity: 8 taguwar ruwa / cm;
- nau’in tsari: matsakaici;
- tsawon: game da 10cm;
- launi: fari ko haske;
- uniformity: +;
- gyropot: da yawa.
Sanin halayen nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i) yayin zabar mafi kyawun nau’in kiwo. Kuna iya gano ainihin halayen ulu daga ma’auni na nau’in kuma kwatanta su tare da bukatun masana’antun ulu waɗanda ke siyan kayan albarkatun kasa.
Yawan aiki
Don haɓaka haifuwa, ana amfani da nau’ikan nau’ikan 3 ko fiye da yawa, waɗanda ke nuna babban matakin kyawawan halaye. Nau’o’in iri suna iya haifar da zuriya duk tsawon shekara, ba tare da la’akari da yanayi ba. Suna da raguna 2 a kowace shekara, kowannensu yana iya kawo ‘ya’yan 1-3. Idan ‘yan raguna da sauri sun yi nauyi kuma suka zama balagagge, to wannan ma ƙari ne ga nau’in.
Manyan gonaki suna ƙirƙirar shirye-shiryen kiwo ga dabbobinsu kuma suna la’akari da duk abubuwan da ke shafar yawan amfanin ƙasa. Crossbreeding wani zaɓi ne don haɓaka samar da ulu. Wannan yana haifar da giciye (hybrids) tare da sabon saitin halaye. Wataƙila za su fi iyayensu kyau.
Wool
Tumaki masu kyau sun yaɗu a duniya da kuma a ƙasarmu. Suna iya jure zafi, sanyi da fari daidai kuma suna da amfani sosai har ma a cikin yanayi mai tsauri. Dole ne gashin su ya cika ka’idojin da aka kafa. Amma ga wadanda suka kafa jagorancin – merinos – sun samo asali ne a Italiya fiye da shekaru 1200 da suka wuce kuma a halin yanzu sun shiga cikin halittar kusan dukkanin rukunin tumaki masu kyau.
Sun dace da rayuwa a cikin yanayi mara kyau, tare da ƙarancin abinci. Ba su da kusan matsalolin cututtuka, suna samar da riguna masu kyau kuma suna da yawa. Sau da yawa ana amfani da su don inganta ingancin ulu na nau’ikan da ake da su. Tunda halayen Fleece na gado ne, matasan Merino koyaushe za su sami ingantaccen ulu idan aka kwatanta da nau’in da aka inganta.
Haihuwa
Yawancin tumaki suna kai shekarun jima’i tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 12. Don haka, ƴaƴan ragon da aka haifa a lokacin bazara sukan kai ga balaga da tunkiya da aka haifa a kaka saboda shekaru da nauyin jikinsu. Daya daga cikin hanyoyin samun garke cikin sauri shine daidaita lokacin kiwo na dabbobi.
Ana tsara sake haifuwa ta hanyar zagayowar oestrus kuma yana tsakanin kwanaki 13 zuwa 19 da matsakaita kwanaki 17. Zagayen hawan jini yakan dogara ne akan lokacin shekara. Yawancin mata suna shirin yin aure lokacin da hasken rana ya fara raguwa. Idan ba a yi takin tunkiya ba, to za a sake zagayowar har sai lokacin da ciki ya faru.
Muhimmanci! Kada a yi kiwon tumaki har sai sun kai kusan kashi 70% na girman girmansu (nauyi).
Halayen haihuwa:
- shekarun balaga: 5-12 watanni;
- tsawon lokacin zagayowar estrus: kwanaki 17;
- shekarun haihuwa: 146-147 kwanaki;
- zuriya: 1-3 raguna.
Tsawon lokacin ciki na iya bambanta. Idan nau’in zai iya ɗaukar ‘ya’ya da yawa a kowace shekara, to, ciki yana ɗaukar kwanaki kaɗan.
Don samun abin da nau’in ya haifa
Ana kiwon tumaki don:
- Dumin ulun tumaki, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen kera kayan sawa, kayan kwanciya, kayan daki har ma da rufi;
- nama mai dadi;
- madara mai gina jiki da samfurori daga gare ta (ana amfani da madarar tumaki don yin ricotta, feta da roquefort cheeses);
- don ƙirƙira da samar da sababbin nau’o’in ko kula da waɗanda suke da su;
- don amfani azaman dabbobi.
Alamomi da iri
Idan kyawawan nau’ikan ulu sun rarrabu zuwa manyan nau’ikan nau’ikan guda 3: ulu ulu (mai kyau-fareece) da ulu-Friece) da ulu-faree) da ulu-faree) da ulu za a iya bambanta don kowace rukuni.
tumaki ulu
Don haka, tumaki masu laushi suna da ƙananan girma da nauyin jiki. Nauyin rago ya kai kilogiram 90, tumaki – 45 kg. Siffar halayensu ita ce ƙwanƙwasa wuyansa. Wadannan dabbobi kusan ba su da kitse, amma kuma akwai nama kadan. Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da merino na Sipaniya, rambouillet na Faransa.
Shin kun sani? Tumaki ulu ne mai kyaun fiber da ake amfani da shi don rufi. Yana da jinkirin harshen wuta, ba mai cutar kansa ba, yana sha gubobi, ana iya sake yin amfani da shi, kuma shi ne mai toshe sauti na halitta.
Yawan amfanin ulu na waɗannan nau’ikan shine 18 kg kowace rago da 8 kg a kowace shekara. Sakamakon ulu zai zama matakin inganci 80. Tumaki masu kyau kuma suna da rashin amfani: rashin isasshen adadin ƙwayar tsoka, buƙatar ciyar da raguna. Wadannan nau’ikan suna da matsalolin kofato fiye da sauran.
Wool da nama
Sakamakon raguwar buƙatun ulu a duniya, masana’antun suna buƙatar canza nau’ikan nau’ikan don samun ƙarin kudin shiga. Don haka akwai tumaki na shugabanci guda biyu: waɗanda ke ba da ulu fiye da nama – mai laushi mai laushi. An bambanta waɗannan nau’o’in ta hanyar cewa suna girma da sauri kuma suna samun nauyi, suna daidaitawa da kyau ga yankuna masu yawan ruwan sama, kuma suna da isasshen ulu.
Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da Caucasian, Kyrgyz, tumaki Ural ta Kudu.
Akwai ƙarancin nama a cikinsu fiye da nau’in nama zalla, amma kuma ya wadatar. Nauyin namiji na wannan rukuni shine 110 kg, mace – 65 kg. Yawan ulun da ake samu a kowace shekara shine kilogiram 15 daga rago da kilogiram 6 daga rago.
Nama da ulu
Nama-ulu iri-iri daidai da nama duka biyu da kuma babban adadin fatar tumaki. Nauyin namiji ya kai 100 kg, mace – 60 kg. Tsarin muscular na dabbobi yana da kyau sosai, kuma akwai kitse a ƙarƙashin fata. Ingancin gawa yana da yawa. Amma ulu bai kai na tumakin nan biyu da suka gabata ba. An samo shi daga namiji kimanin 7 kg, daga mace – 4 kg.
Sakamakon ulu zai zama matakin inganci 65. Ana amfani da ulu mai tsabta kawai a cikin samarwa, don haka ana la’akari da yawan amfanin ƙasa kamar 45-50%. Dabbobi suna da kwarangwal mai ƙarfi, jiki mai siffar ganga kuma ba su da folds a fata. Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da dutsen Dagestan, Vyatka, Prekos, Jojiyanci mai kitse.
Bayanin iri
Akwai nau’ikan tumaki da yawa a duniya. Amma kawai wasu daga cikinsu suna da mahimmancin kasuwanci. Wadanda ke ba da gudummawa ga bambancin kwayoyin halitta na sauran nau’in suna da daraja sosai. Lokacin yanke shawarar irin nau’in da kuke buƙata, la’akari da bukatun ku, damar iyawar nau’in, da kasuwar tallace-tallace: inda kuma a cikin wane adadi zaku iya siyar da nama ko ulu.
A lokaci guda, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa babu “mafi kyau” nau’in tumaki. Duk suna da halayen da za su iya sa su zama abin sha’awa ko maras so, dangane da tsarin samarwa da manufofin tallace-tallace.
Bayanin yuwuwar nau’ikan tumakin da za a kiwo:
- Purebred ko giciye. Na baya-bayan nan suna da uba da uwa masu iri iri-iri. An dauke su mafi m. Suna iya samun bayanan zuriyarsu, wanda zai nuna yawan jinsin iyaye. An yi rajistar dabbobi masu tsabta a cikin littattafan kiwo kuma za su yi tsada fiye da sauran.
- Wool ko nama. A nan zabi ya dogara da manufar kiwo. Akwai ra’ayi cewa idan kun yi amfani da garke ba don samar da dabbobi masu tsabta ba, to, kasancewar wakilan nau’o’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i.
Shin kun sani? Nonon tumaki yana da calcium sau 2 fiye da madarar shanu. Hakanan yana da babban adadin bitamin C, B, thiamine, riboflavin da B12. Suna tallafawa tsarin rigakafi, suna shiga cikin daidaitawar tsarin juyayi.
Tarayyar Soviet
Soviet Merino wani nau’in tumaki ne mai laushi wanda ya ci gaba a cikin 1920-1952 a yankunan kudancin Tarayyar Soviet. An samu ta hanyar haye Mazaevsky da Novokavkazsky tumaki. Daga baya, an inganta garken tare da nau’in Askanian, Caucasian, Stavropol, Grozny da Altai. Waɗannan dabbobi ne na ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin mulki tare da kwarangwal mai ƙarfi, babban girma da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi. An wakilta nau’in nau’ikan nau’ikan 2: tumaki masu ƙoshin ƙoshin lafiya da tumaki masu ƙanƙara.
Siffar ta:
- ulu mai yawa;
- ulu na ingancin 64th, tare da kauri iri ɗaya, tsayin (7,5-10 cm) da tortuosity;
- yawan amfanin ƙasa daga shearing: 13-16 kg (wani lokacin har zuwa 24 kg) daga tumaki da 5-7 kg (wani lokacin har zuwa 12 kg) daga tumaki;
- yawan amfanin ulu mai tsabta shine 36-42%;
- nauyi: ulu da raguna – 95-115 kg, tumaki – 50-60 kg;
- nauyin ulu mai laushi: 5-10 kg kasa da rukuni na baya;
- zuriyar ita ce raguna 120-140 a kowace tumaki 100;
- Wannan nau’in ya dace da kiwo na hunturu.
A halin yanzu ana girma a cikin Stavropol Territory, Rostov da Astrakhan yankuna, Western Siberia, Kalmykia da Kazakhstan.
Ostiraliya merino
Asalin jinsin an san shi da sunan Merino na Jamus. An shigo da dabbobin farko daga Jamus zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 1932 don inganta ingancin ulu da naman tumaki. An san irin nau’in don daidaitawa da ingantaccen abinci. Tumaki balagagge suna girma zuwa 75 kg, da raguna – har zuwa 100 kg. Dabbobi suna samar da kilogiram 3,5 zuwa 4,5 na ulu mai matsakaicin inganci.
Ban da tumaki
Makiyayan Soviet ne suka yi kiwon tumakin Salsky. Yankin farko na rarraba shine yankin Rostov. Kakannin tumakin Salsk iri ɗaya ne da na Soviet merino. Amma haɗin Novokavkazsk da tumaki Mazaev sun ba da ‘ya’ya marasa amfani da ƙananan yawan ‘ya’ya, matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na ulu da nama, don haka an haye su daga baya tare da rambouillet. Dabbobin da aka samu sun dace da yanayin yanayi da wadatar abinci na steppes na yankin Rostov.
Shin kun sani? A cikin New Zealand a cikin 2004, an rasa tumakin merino Shrek. Ya rayu a cikin kogo na tsawon shekaru 6 kafin a same shi. A wannan lokacin, an sami ƙarar ulu a kansa, wanda ya isa don dinka kwat da wando 20.
Suna da girma sosai, tare da ɗan naɗewa, gunkin ruwan inabi a wuyansa. Nauyin raguna – har zuwa 100 kg, tumaki – har zuwa 56 kg. Yawan nama a yanka – 50%. Wool – ingancin matakin 64, mata na iya zama 70. Launi mai launi yana da fari zuwa rawaya. Yana da halin monotony, mai girma ɗaya da kuma bayyanannen sinuosity. Nauyin gashin gashi – 15-17 kg a cikin maza kuma har zuwa 8.5 kg a cikin mata.
Stavropol mai laushi
Stavropol lafiya-ulu da aka samu a cikin 50s na karshe karni a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Lokacin tsallakawa, an yi amfani da sabon merinos na Caucasian da tumaki na gida. Manufar zaɓin shine don inganta kayan da ke akwai: ƙara yawan wooliness da nauyin jiki. Nauyin yana da ƙarfi kuma ya dace da yanayin ciyarwa mara kyau.
Yana da yanayin jiki mai ƙarfi, daidai, kafaffen ƙafafu, kasancewar ƙahoni a cikin maza, ninki biyu a wuyansa. Ana shuka shi don samun farin ulu iri ɗaya mai inganci.
Halaye masu amfani:
- tsawon gashi: 8-11 cm (tsawo a cikin raguna);
- Sheared: har zuwa 7 kg daga tumaki da har zuwa 13 kg daga raguna;
- amfanin ulu: 50%;
- gashin gashi: matakin inganci 64-70;
- nauyi: tumaki – har zuwa 56 kg, raguna – har zuwa 110 kg;
- zuriya: 135 raguna a kowace tumaki 100.
Kazakh
An samo nau’in Kazakhstan ne a cikin 1946. An kwatanta shi da yawan yawan nama. Waɗannan dabbobin suna da ƙarfi sosai, sun daidaita don dacewa da rayuwar makiyaya a cikin tsaunukan Kazakhstan. Suna jure wa sanyi sanyi da fari na rani da kyau.
Za su iya yin tafiya mai nisa kuma su bunƙasa cikin rashin yanayin ciyarwa. An samu ta hanyar haɓaka nau’ikan gida tare da merino na Australiya, rambouillet da merino na Afirka ta Kudu. An yi la’akari da ɗaya daga cikin nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i.
Mabuɗin fasali:
- nauyi: namiji – har zuwa 120 kg, mata – har zuwa 70 kg;
- da wata 4, nauyin…
