Wanne ne daga cikin ƙwararrun kayan lambu na kayan lambu ba su wuce wani yanayi ba inda ɗan dam, kware cikakku gaba ɗaya canza ra’ayoyin tumatir. Jiya kawai, shuke-shuke masu ƙarfi, kore mai yawa tare da ovaries da yawa sun juya zuwa tarin datti mai launin ruwan kasa-launin toka tare da ruɓaɓɓen, ‘ya’yan itatuwa masu laushi. Ko da an cire, a fili ‘ya’yan itatuwa masu lafiya, nan da nan an rufe su da launin ruwan kasa. Don hana faruwar hakan, kuna buƙatar sanin yadda yakamata game da cutar, kuma ku koyi yadda ake magance ta.
Menene rashin jin daɗi?
Sunan cutar ya fito ne daga kalmomin Helenanci: phyto (shuka) da fluorosis – mai lalacewa. Masu lambu suna kiran shi phytophthora. Mai cutar da cutar, naman gwari Phytophthora infestans, yana shafar gabobin iri-iri na amfanin gona na nightshade: ganye, kara, ‘ya’yan itatuwa. Dankali da tumatur suna fama da wannan mummunar cuta musamman.
Alamomin cutar
Wajibi ne a ci gaba da lura da yanayin tsire-tsire don kada a rasa alamun farko na cutar. Kamuwa da cuta na iya faruwa sannu a hankali: a farkon, launin toka-kasa-kasa guda aibobi suna samuwa a kan ganyen ganye da kuma kara. Daga ƙasan ganyen ya bayyana fari, tare da murfin ƙasa. A ƙarƙashin yanayi masu kyau don naman gwari, adadin da girman spots yana ƙaruwa da sauri.
Yadda yake yaduwa
A spores na naman gwari ne sosai tenacious da overwinter a amince duka a cikin ƙasa da kuma a cikin tarkace shuka, a kan ganuwar greenhouses, kayan aiki da kuma kaya. Waɗanda suke da hannu suna da hannu sosai kuma ana iya ɗaukar su da iska ta nisa da yawa. Kamuwa da cuta yana faruwa ta hanyar pores na epidermis na leaf leaf, wanda fungal spores shiga da ruwa. Yana da matukar wahala a yaki cutar da ta shiga ciki.
Yanayin ci gaban cutar
- Lokacin rashin lafiya.
Phytophthora naman gwari na naman gwari za a iya adana shi a cikin ƙasa na dogon lokaci, yana jiran yanayi masu kyau, wanda sau da yawa yana tasowa a tsakiyar lokacin rani ko lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa. Late blight yana haifar da yaduwar canje-canje a yanayin zafi da rana, lokacin da bambanci tsakanin dare da rana ya kai 10 ° C ko fiye. Irin wannan yanayi yana haifar da raɓa da hazo, wanda ke ƙara yawan zafi na iska da kuma tsire-tsire da kansu.
- Zazzabi.
An riga an kunna ƙaura na spores na fungal a yanayin zafi sama da 10 ° C, kuma a cikin yanayin rigar, tsire-tsire suna fara mamayewa ta hanyar fungal spores. Lokacin da aka fallasa na tsawon sa’o’i 2 a cikin zafi, busassun iska, spores na naman gwari ya mutu.
- Danshi
Tunda ana buƙatar ruwa don shiga cikin ramukan shuka, mafi kyawun yanayi don yaduwar cutar yana faruwa ne a cikin yanayin rigar, lokacin da zafin iska ya tashi zuwa 75% ko fiye na akalla kwana biyu.
Ma’ana don yaƙar cutar marigayi tumatir
Magungunan antifungal don magani
- Don shigar da Gamair.
Shiri ne na microbiological don kawar da fungi da kwayoyin cutar da ke taimakawa wajen bunkasa cututtuka. Ka’idar aikinsa ta dogara ne akan juriya na wani naman gwari – saprotrophic Trichoderma harziannum. Ana amfani da shi don maganin ƙasa, tsire-tsire da ƙwayar iri, daidai da umarnin masana’anta.
- Phytosporin.
Hakanan ya shafi rukunin shirye-shiryen microbiological. Ya ƙunshi ɓangarorin naman gwari masu amfani waɗanda ke ba da kariya ga tumatur daga yaɗuwar ƙwayar cuta. Ba wai kawai yaƙar cututtuka ba, har ma yana ƙarfafa tsarin rigakafi na shuka. Ana amfani da Phytosporin a matakai daban-daban na ci gaban shuka da kuma kafin shuka:
- kafin shuka shuka – 1.5-2 tbsp. l. don lita 10 na ruwa;
- miya tsaba, tushen seedling (jiƙa a cikin bayani don 2-3 hours) – 3-4 saukad da 200 ml na ruwa;
- a lokacin girma tare da mitar kwanaki 10-14, a cikin ruwan sama sau 1-2 a mako, fesa tare da bayani – 3 tsp. don lita 10 na ruwa.
Don mafi kyawun ɗaukar hoto da mannewa, ana bada shawarar ƙara ƙaramin sabulu zuwa maganin.
- Shi.
Magungunan yana cikin magungunan fungicides na aikin lamba, wato, baya warkewa, amma yana kare kariya daga lalacewa, saboda haka ana amfani dashi don dalilai na rigakafi. Babban sashi mai aiki shine jan karfe oxychloride. Hom yana rufe kyallen jikin shuka tare da fim mai kariya, a zahiri ba tare da shiga ciki ba. Don cimma sakamako na jiyya, wajibi ne a fara kafin fara alamun cutar.
Magungunan yana da lafiya ga mutane, saboda ba ya tarawa a cikin kyallen takarda kuma an wanke shi da ruwa.
Don aiki, ana amfani da sabon bayani da aka shirya – 40 g na miyagun ƙwayoyi a kowace lita 10 na ruwa. Ana gudanar da magani na farko kafin flowering. Yawan aikace-aikacen shine kwanaki 10-14. Zai fi kyau a fesa tsakanin gogayen furanni. Yawan jiyya don lokacin girma 4-5. Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi shine 1 lita a kowace murabba’in mita 10. m. Ana iya amfani dashi tare da wasu takin mai magani da sauran fungicides, sai dai wadanda ke da maganin alkaline.
- Polyhom
Maganin fungicidal na hadadden aiki ya ƙunshi polycarbacin da jan karfe oxychloride a cikin kashi 60:40, wanda ke haɓaka tasirin sa sosai. A lokaci guda, yana yaƙi da launin ruwan kasa.
Bugu da ƙari, yana da tasiri mai hanawa a kan tsutsa na ƙwayar dankalin turawa na Colorado. Ba shi da guba ga ƙudan zuma da bumblebees kuma ya dace da sauran magungunan kashe qwari.
An shirya maganin daga 30 g na miyagun ƙwayoyi a kowace lita 10 na ruwa, ana amfani da shi a kowace murabba’in mita 100. m. yanki. Ana aiwatar da jiyya ta farko lokacin da alamun suka bayyana ko lokacin da aka saita ‘ya’yan itace, na gaba – bayan kwanaki 10-15. Gama aiki kwanaki 20 kafin fara girbi.
Sauran fungicides don magance cututtukan marigayi:
- Quadris magani ne na lamba don rigakafin (0,04 – 0,06% bayani).
- Ridomil Gold – don rigakafi da maganin cutar (bisa ga umarnin masana’anta).
- Bravo magani ne na tuntuɓar don rigakafi.
Hankali! Ya kamata a dakatar da duk jiyya kwanaki 20 kafin girbin amfanin gona mai girma.
Hanyoyin jama’a don kariya daga phytophthora a cikin tumatir
Yawancin shekara bayan shekara naman gwari na phytophthora yana lalata amfanin gonar tumatir, yawancin lambu suna ƙoƙarin yin tsayayya da shi kuma, ta hanyar gwaji da kuskure, samun sababbin hanyoyin jama’a don magance shi.
- Jiko na tafarnuwa da albasa.
An san ikon da ke lalata albasa da tafarnuwa, waɗanda ke kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan fungal, tun zamanin da. A cikin yaƙin da ake fama da cutar a ƙarshen zamani, ana amfani da jiko mai ruwa da ruwa na tafarnuwa, wanda ke kashe ɓangarorin naman gwari na marigayi blight. Don lita 10 na ruwa za ku buƙaci:
- yankakken cloves, harbe – 200-300 g nace a lokacin rana;
- potassium permanganate – 2 g.
- Kefir.
Wani wakili na prophylactic wanda ake amfani dashi koda lokacin girma seedlings. Ana aiwatar da aiwatarwa tare da mitar kwanaki 10-14 kafin fure da kwanaki 7-10 yayin sauran lokacin girma. Don shirya maganin, 2 lita na kefir da lita 1 na ruwa suna fermented na kwanaki 10.
- Iodine
Maganin yana amfani da maganin antimicrobial da antifungal Properties na iodine. A hade tare da madara mai laushi, ana samun samfurin lafiya mai kyau – maganin iodine mai madara wanda za’a iya fesa akan tsire-tsire:
- madara – 1 l;
- ruwa – 10 l;
- iodine – 20 saukad da.
- Wayar jan karfe.
Microdoses na jan karfe suna da tasiri mai ban sha’awa akan numfashin shuka da samuwar chlorophyll, haɓaka juriya da rigakafi, da haɓaka iskar shaka. Duk shirye-shiryen da suka fi dacewa don yaƙar phytophthora sun ƙunshi jan karfe. Masu shuka kayan lambu suna “ciro” tagulla ta amfani da waya ta jan karfe, wanda aka riga aka yi lissafinsa, a yanka a cikin guda 3-4 cm tsayi. Tumatir mai ƙarfi yana soke shi tare da guntun waya a tsayin 10 cm sama da ƙasa, lanƙwasa iyakar ƙasa.
- Ash.
Ana amfani dashi ba kawai don ciyarwa ba, har ma a cikin yaki da fungi masu cutarwa. Ana amfani da maganin kafin fure da kuma lokacin samuwar ovaries na farko. Don shirya don kwanaki 3, nace, motsawa, 3-4 lita na ash a cikin lita 10 na ruwa. Sa’an nan kuma an warware matsalar, an diluted da ruwa zuwa lita 30, 30-40 g na wanki ko sabulun ruwa an kara a can.
- Gishiri.
Maganin gishiri (gilashin gishiri 1 a kowace lita 10 na ruwa) yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar fim na bakin ciki wanda ke rufe stomata daga samun ƙwayoyin fungal a cikin su. Ma’aunin rigakafi ne.
Siffofin sarrafa tumatir: yadda ake fesa tsire-tsire
- A cikin greenhouse.
Babban matakan ya kamata su kasance na yanayin rigakafi: lalata tsarin, ƙasa, kayan aiki, tsarin microclimate. Don fesa tsire-tsire, wajibi ne a yi amfani da wakilai na halitta da tuntuɓar shirye-shiryen microbiological, don rage yawan amfani da sinadarai masu haɗari. A cikin rufaffiyar sarari na greenhouse, musamman rayayye abubuwa masu cutarwa tara a cikin ‘ya’yan itatuwa da kuma worsen da ingancin abun da ke ciki.
- A cikin bude ƙasa.
Don ci gaban phytophthora, yanayin kanta yana haifar da yanayi a nan. Wannan yawanci yana faruwa a farkon watan Yuli. Ba shi yiwuwa a yi tasiri ga wannan factor, don haka ya kamata a fara kare shuka daga rabin na biyu na Yuni:
- Jiyya guda biyu tare da magungunan tsarin (Ridomil Gold, Ordan) ko tsarin lamba (Oxyx). Tazarar kwanaki 7-14.
- Jiyya na gaba tare da shirye-shiryen lamba (Penkotseb, Hom) tare da tazara na kwanaki 7-10.
Noma na ƙasa gurbata da phytophthora
- Phytosporin.
Ana iya amfani da Fitosporin don lalata ƙasa. Yana shiga ta hanyoyi biyu:
- busasshen foda yana warwatse a saman ƙasa, a shayar da shi kuma a tona.
- shayar da ƙasa tare da bayani (1-2 tablespoons da lita 10 na ruwa).
Ya kamata a yi amfani da adadin adadin saɓo daidai da shawarwarin masana’anta.
- Trichodermin.
Ana sayar da shi a cikin nau’i na ruwa ko peat substrate dauke da spores da mycelium na Trichoderma lignorum naman gwari da samfurori na rayuwa, wanda ke hana ci gaban naman gwari na phytophthora da ci. Don trichodermin yayi aiki, dole ne a ƙirƙira yanayi. Naman gwari ba ya aiki akan ƙasa mara kyau, busasshiyar ƙasa, dole ne a yi amfani da shi a ƙarƙashin ciyawa ko ƙarƙashin tono ƙasa kafin dasa shuki. Yanayin zafin jiki don ci gaban naman gwari yana daga 4 zuwa 30 ° C.
- sauran fungicides.
Ana iya yin maganin tare da wasu shirye-shirye irin wannan: Extrasol, Glyocladin, Baktofit Alirin-B, Gamair, Baikal EM. Idan magani tare da shirye-shiryen ilimin halitta bai isa ba, ana amfani da sinadarai: ruwa Bordeaux (mafifi 3%), Oksihom (2%), jan karfe oxychloride.
A hankali! Dole ne a yi amfani da shirye-shiryen sinadarai a cikin matsakaici, saboda suna lalata ba kawai abubuwa masu cutarwa ba, har ma da microflora masu amfani.
phytophthora resistant tumatir iri
Don greenhouses, zaka iya amfani da nau’ikan lokuta daban-daban na ripening:
- indeterminate – Na Barao, Octopus, La-La-Fa, Mikado, Cio-Cio-San, Evpator, Virtuoso;
- ƙaddara: Grandee, Persimmon, Oak, Orange mu’ujiza, Dwarf, Perseus, Budenovka.
Don buɗe ƙasa, nau’ikan masu juriya da wuri sun fi dacewa, waɗanda suke girma kafin farkon yanayin yanayi mara kyau: Miracle Salting, Hasken Moscow, Giant Orange, Luch, Marmande, Little Prince.
Daga bidiyon za ku iya gano yadda za ku iya magance ciwon mara da kuma yadda za ku kare kamuwa da cuta.
Don hana cuta yana nufin adana amfanin gona
Yana da matukar wahala a magance cutar a makara, don haka yana da matukar muhimmanci a dauki matakan da ke hana ci gaban naman gwari mai cutarwa:
- Ka guje wa thickening na shuka, cire ƙananan ganye a cikin lokaci don inganta samun iska, da ganye da ‘ya’yan itatuwa masu alamun cututtuka.
- Aiwatar da mulching don kula da damshin ƙasa ba tare da ƙara yawan iska ba.
- Kada ka ƙyale unguwar sauran amfanin gona waɗanda ke rarraba phytophthora, musamman dankali.
- Kula da jujjuya amfanin gona.
- Aiwatar da feshi na rigakafi akan lokaci kuma a yi amfani da sinadarai kamar yadda ake buƙata.
- Samar da iska mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin zafi a cikin greenhouse.
- Nan da nan lalata shukar da cutar ta shafa, kar a yi amfani da amfanin gona na nightshade a cikin tarin takin.
Nasiha masu mahimmanci
- Shin zai yiwu a dauki tsaba daga tumatir marasa lafiya?
Don tattara tsaba, kuna buƙatar zaɓar mafi kyawun samfurori. Wannan shine ainihin ka’idar samar da iri. Idan ya zama dole don tattara nau’in tumatir daga daji da ya lalace ta hanyar rashin lafiya, wannan yana yiwuwa, saboda cewa spores na naman gwari yana buƙatar nama mai rai don tsira. Ana bushe tsaba sosai, kuma ana kashe su kafin dasa shuki.
- Yadda ake adana tumatir masu kamuwa da cuta?
A yayin da matakan rigakafin ba su haifar da sakamako ba kuma cutar ta fara …
