Menene nau’in doki mafi tsufa?

Dawakai sun yi wa mutum hidima na dubban shekaru. Ƙarfi, juriya da basirar waɗannan dabbobin sun kasance abin sha’awa tun zamanin da. Kuma ba shakka, irin waɗannan halaye masu amfani nan da nan sun sami aikace-aikace a cikin rayuwar ɗan adam. Amma tsarin yin gida na ’yan kanji masu girman kai bai yi dare ɗaya ba, kuma kowane ɗan doki na daɗaɗɗen doki ya ci nasara mai tsayi da ƙaya ta hanyar samuwarsa.

Na farko irin doki

Tarihin ci gaban dangantaka tsakanin mutum da doki

Kafin zuwan motoci, dawakai sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar dan adam. A lokacin tashin-tashina, wadannan dabbobin sun ba wa sojojin babbar fa’ida a kan sojojin abokan gaba. A gonar, an yi amfani da dawakai don jigilar kayayyaki da hawa cikin ƙungiya. Kusan duk mazauna birane da ƙauyuka sun yi tafiya a kan dawakai.

Amma dawakai ba su sami irin wannan matsayi a cikin al’umma nan da nan ba. Ƙari ga haka, ba a san takamaiman lokacin tarihi da mutum ya horar da doki a yau ba. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike suna da hanyoyi daban-daban don nazarin wannan batu. Wasu daga cikinsu suna ganin cewa farkon tsarin zaman gida ya koma baya ne lokacin da mutum ya kiwo kiwo kawai don nama.

Magana. Masu bin hanya ta biyu sun tabbata cewa zaman gida ya faru ne kawai lokacin da aka fara amfani da dawakai na farko don hawa da jigilar kayayyaki.

Abubuwan da ake buƙata don zaman gida

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutum da doki ta bunkasa cikin matakai. Ƙoƙarin farko na horar da doki ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni na XNUMX BC. e., kamar yadda shaidun binciken kayan tarihi suka nuna.

Yawancin masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa kwayoyin halittar dabbobi sun taka rawa sosai a cikin wannan tsari. Da farko, dawakai sun ƙi zama kusa da mutum, wanda ya bayyana ta ilhami na daji. Amma mutanen d ¯ a sun kula da irin waɗannan dabbobin a hankali kuma sun zaɓi waɗanda suka kasance da kwanciyar hankali kuma, dangane da halayen aiki, sun fi dacewa da ayyukan da aka saita. A hankali, daga tsara zuwa tsara, irin waɗannan dabi’un dabba sun daidaita a matakin jinsi, wanda ya zama babban bambanci tsakanin dawakai na daji da na gida.

Dawakan farko da aka hore su ta wannan hanya sun rayu a Turai, da kuma a tsakiyar yankin Asiya. A wancan lokacin, manyan dawakai iri uku ne aka yi musu horo.

1. Hawan daji. Ire-iren wadannan dawakan sun kasance a dazuzzukan Turai tun asali. Sun bambanta da girman girma kuma da farko mutum ya yi amfani da su don samun nama. Tun lokacin da aka fara aikin gida, yana kan tushen wannan substype na wannan layin da yawa na zamani suka ci gaba.
2. Hawan gabas. Waɗannan dawakai sun rayu a tsakiyar yankin Asiya. Da na waje, sun yi kama da dawakin Larabawa da na Akhal-Teke na zamani.
3. Dwarf subtype. Waɗannan dawakai su ne kakannin duk wani doki na zamani. Irin waɗannan dabbobi sun bayyana a yankin Gabashin Turai.

dwarf subtype

A Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda aka dauki dogon lokaci a matsayin shimfiɗar jariri na kiwon dawakai kuma ya shahara da dawakai, dawakai sun bayyana daga baya. Sun zo nan daga yankunan steppe na tsakiyar Asiya.

Yana da kyau a lura cewa ƙoƙarin dawakai na gida ba koyaushe suke nasara ba. Yawancin dawakan da suka rigaya sun rigaya sun koma ga yanayinsu kuma suna gudu daji. Don haka, alal misali, mustangs sun bayyana, wanda har yau suna rayuwa a kan ciyayi na Amurka.

Ta yaya abin ya faru?

An gano ragowar dawakan dawakai na farko a yankin Ukraine da Kazakhstan. Amma karin binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa dawakai a rayuwar yau da kullun har yanzu ba su da yawa kuma ba a yin kiwo gaba daya.

Daga baya gano kwanan baya zuwa 2500 BC. e. kuma an same su a cikin Urals. A cikin jana’izar hadin gwiwa na wani mutum da doki, an kuma gano karusai da karusai na tuka doki.

Tsarin tada doki ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa. Kuma a nan ra’ayoyin masu bincike sun kasu kashi biyu:

1. Ƙungiya ta farko ta yi imanin cewa ƙananan yara ne kawai ke ƙarƙashin gida, kuma an kashe duk manya daga garken da aka kama. Matasa saboda dabi’ar garken shanu da rashin manya, sai suka yi wa mutum farce, suna ganinsa a cikin garken su. A sakamakon haka, foal da sauri ya mika wuya ga horarwa, kuma tsararraki masu zuwa daga gare shi sun sami sauƙi tare da mutane.
2. Masu bin ka’idar ta biyu suna jayayya cewa mutum, akasin haka, ya horar da manyan doki da raye-raye ta hanyar kama su da tufatar da su. Hakazalika, ƙabilar Indiyawan Arewacin Amirka ne suka yi zaman gida.

Amma yana da kyau a lura cewa ka’idar ta biyu kuma ta ƙunshi babban adadin abokan adawa. Sun yi imanin cewa wannan hanya tsakanin Indiyawa tana samun nasara ne kawai saboda mustangs dawakai ne na sake-fala. Don haka, bai dace da namun daji na farko ba.

Ba abin da ya fi jawo cece-kuce sama da hanyar da ake bi na garken garken shanu, shi ne tambayar da mutane suka fara amfani da su. A cikin tsoffin kaburbura, masu bincike sun sami ragowar dawakai tare da kekuna, karusai da makamantansu. Amma ragowar dabbobin, tare da na’urorin hawan keke, sun koma wani lokaci na gaba. Akwai ra’ayi cewa da farko mahaya suna hawa dabbobi ba tare da sirdi da sauran halaye ba. Saboda haka, ba zai yiwu a dogara ga gano dalilin da ya sa aka hore wa dawakai tun da farko ba.

Garken dawakai

Mafi tsoffin nau’ikan dawakai

A lokacin zaman gida, babu nau’ikan dawakai daban. Dukkansu sun kasance daji. Bambanci na farko a wannan shugabanci ya faru ne a zamanin Dutse. Dalilin rabuwar shi ne yadda rayuwar mutane da kuma sauyin yanayin da dawakai suke rayuwa da su.

Daga cikin nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan nau’ikan, Akhal-Teke, Larabawa, Marvari, dawakai na Friesian da Przewalski na iya yin alfahari da mafi dadadden tarihi. Wasu daga cikinsu sun tsira zuwa zamaninmu ba tare da wani canji a waje ba.

Przhevalsky

Dawakan Przewalski suna cikin mafi ƙanƙanta nau’ikan iri a yau. A cikin daji, ba za a iya samun su ba, kuma duk wakilan nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i).

Irin waɗannan dawakai suna da sunansu na ban mamaki ga masanin kimiyyar gida NM Przhevalsky, wanda a cikin 1878 ya gano garken ƙarshe na irin waɗannan dabbobi. Bayan nazari mai zurfi, masu binciken ba su kuskura su ware wadannan dawakai a matsayin wani nau’in jinsin daban ba ko kuma sanya su a matsayin sabon nau’in. Amma an yi imanin cewa daga waɗannan dawakai ne galibin dawakan gida na zamani suka samo asali.

Girman irin waɗannan dabbobi kaɗan ne. Mafi girman wakilan iri-iri ba su wuce 150 cm ba. Daga cikin siffofin na waje sun yi fice:

• m, m jiki tare da karfi m kasusuwa;
• gajeren wuyansa mai fadi;
• babban kai tare da ƙananan kunnuwa;
• m lokacin farin ciki fata;
• gajeriyar maniyyi, wutsiya da bangs.

Tun zamanin da, manyan garken irin waɗannan dawakai suna zaune a tsakiyar Asiya. A lokaci guda kuma, bayyanar su da sifofin tsarin jiki ba su canza ba fiye da shekaru dubu da yawa na wanzuwar layin nau’in.

Dawakan Przewalski

Arab Thoroughbred

Shahararrun dawakan Larabawa kuma suna nuna dogon tarihin samuwar. Irin waɗannan tururuwa sun tashi a cikin lokacin daga na XNUMX zuwa karni na XNUMX BC. e. Ƙabilun Badawiyyan makiyaya ne suka yi kiwon su a yankunan hamada. Da farko, an yi amfani da dawakan Larabawa zalla a matsayin dawakan yaƙi kuma suna shiga hare-haren soji. Saboda haka, babban alkiblar aikin kiwo shi ne kara saurin gudu da juriya na wadannan dawakai.

Lokacin da daular Rasha ta shiga cikin kowane irin yaƙe-yaƙe, wasu adadin irin waɗannan manyan kantuna sun ƙare a yankinta. Da yake godiya ga inganci da bayyanar dawakai, an fara amfani da su sosai don inganta layin jinsin gida. Amma masana’anta guda ɗaya waɗanda har yanzu suke a yau suna kiwon dawakan Larabawa kaɗai.

Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin nau’in, bisa ga halaye na tsarin mulki, duk dawakai na Larabawa sun kasu kashi 5. Amma, duk da wasu bambance-bambance, halaye na gaba ɗaya na bayyanar su iri ɗaya ne. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

• mafi ƙarancin adadin kitsen da ke cikin ƙasa, wanda ke tabbatar da bushewar tsarin mulki gabaɗaya;
• kyawawan siffofi na jiki;
• dogon bakin ciki wuya;
• kananan kunkuntar kai;
• dogayen kafafu tare da ci gaban tendons da ligaments;
• dogon gashi mai yawa a cikin maniyyi da jela.

Marwari

Ana ɗaukar dawakan Marwar ko Marwar ƴan ƙasar Indiya ne. Ƙasarsu ita ce yankin Marwar, inda suka bayyana a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai. A matsayin tushen sabon nau’in, masu kiwon gida sun ɗauki fitattun dawakan Larabawa da dokin Indiya. Wasu masu ilimin hippologists kuma sun yi imanin cewa an kuma yi amfani da jinin jinsin Mongolian yayin aikin.

An haifi Marvari a cikin yanayi na musamman. Yankin ya kasance da ciyayi marasa ciyayi, yawan fari da ƙasa yashi. A sakamakon haka, dawakai na wannan nau’in sun sami juriya na ban mamaki da rashin buƙatar yanayin tsarewa. Bugu da ƙari, irin waɗannan yanayi sun bayyana a cikin bayyanar Marvari. Suna da busasshen tsarin mulki. Tsawon daji ya bambanta tsakanin 140-170 cm. Daga cikin siffofin bayyanar sun fito fili:

• m, jiki mai siffar ganga mai madaidaiciyar baya;
• shahararren babban croup;
• kirji mai zurfi da fadi;
• wuyansa mai fadi;
• ƙaƙƙarfan ƙafafu tare da haɓakar ligaments da madaidaiciya kofato;
• babban kai.

Marwar doki

Amma duk da irin waɗannan siffofi na bayyanar dabbar, alamarta ita ce ƙananan kunnuwa waɗanda ke haɗuwa tare a saman. Bugu da ƙari, tsari na musamman na kafadun doki yana ba shi tafiya mai laushi kuma yana sauƙaƙe motsi a kan yashi.

Indiyawa suna daraja dokinsu sosai saboda halayensu na musamman. Ba su da tsoro a cikin yaƙi kuma suna biyayya ga mai shi har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsu. Akwai lokutan da hatta dokin Marvari da ya yi rauni ya sami mai shi ya fitar da shi daga fagen fama.

Marwaris kuma an san su da haɓakar gabobinsu da hazaka. Ko da ba tare da umarnin mahayin ba, dokin ya sami hanyar gida daga nesa mai nisa. A Indiya, ana ɗaukar dawakan Marwar a matsayin dukiyar ƙasa kuma har zuwa 2000 an hana su fitar da su daga ƙasar.

Kammalawa

Dubban shekaru sun shude tun lokacin da mutum ya yi kiwon dawakan daji. A wannan lokacin, daruruwan nau’o’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i sun bayyana kuma sun bace a cikin tarihin kiwon dawakai na duniya. Amma kaɗan ne kawai daga cikinsu suka tsira daga zamanin da kusan a cikin surarsu ta asali. Wakilan su har yanzu suna da mashahuri sosai tare da masu kiwon dawakai kuma galibi ana amfani da su don haɓaka ƙananan layin nau’in.