Kiwon maruƙa

Kiwon maruƙa a gida aiki ne mai ɗorewa da ke buƙatar ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, amma a lokacin ɗan maraƙi ne aka aza harsashin amfanin dabbar nan gaba. Don haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci ga mai shanu ya san halayen ci gaban kananan dabbobi a kowane mataki na rayuwarsa da kuma ba shi kulawa da ciyar da shi daidai da zabin nau’in kiwo.

Kiwon maruƙa a gida

Hanyoyin kiyaye maruƙa

An tsara kiwon yara kanana bisa wata hanya ta musamman bisa takamaiman manufar kiwo da yanayin da mai kiwon zai iya samar da shi. A lokaci guda, kiyaye maruƙa ta kowane ɗayan hanyoyin yana nuna halayensa, fa’idodi da rashin amfani. Babban a cikin wannan nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i ne na mutum, rukuni da hanyoyin tsotsa.

Mutum

Girman maruƙa a lokacin madara bisa ga hanyar mutum ɗaya ya haɗa da sanya su a cikin gidaje na musamman waɗanda aka tsara don jariri ɗaya. Nan da nan bayan an haife shi, an ɗauke ɗan yaron daga hannun mahaifiyarsa kuma a sanya shi a cikin wani akwati na musamman da ke da ƙaramin shinge a ƙofar, wanda yake a fili. Abubuwan da ke cikin maruƙa a cikin irin wannan tsarin an gane su daga farkon sa’o’i 3-4 na rayuwarsu kuma har zuwa watanni 2-2,5.

Gidan da kansa wani tsari ne mai tsayin mita 1,5 da yanki mai tushe na akalla murabba’in murabba’in 2. m. An yi shinge na musamman a gaban gidan, wanda ke haifar da rufaffiyar shinge don wani mita 2-3. m. Ana yawan gina gidaje daga:

1. Itace. Gidajen katako suna da dorewa da tattalin arziki (zaku iya tara shi da kanku daga kayan da aka gyara). Amma, a yau, ana amfani da itace sosai da wuya. Yana da nauyi sosai, a cikin ruwan sanyi yana ɗaukar damshi da sauri. Bugu da ƙari, saboda porosity da nau’i na musamman na kayan, yana da wuyar gaske don magance shi yadda ya kamata, wanda zai iya haifar da cututtuka a cikin ƙananan dabbobi.
2. polymers. Yawancin kayayyakin robobi na zamani ma sun zarce itace a karfinsu. Bugu da ƙari, irin wannan abu ya fi sauƙi, wanda ya sauƙaƙa yin aiki tare da shi, yayin da gidajen da aka yi da polymers na zamani suna kiyaye zafi sosai, wanda ya kawar da buƙatar rufewar irin wannan tsarin don hunturu.

A kasashen yammacin duniya, wannan fasaha ta yadu. A lokaci guda kuma, ana gudanar da adana maruƙa a cikin kwalaye duk shekara. A cikin gidan, an halicci matashin kai na musamman daga sawdust, wanda aka zubar da bambaro. Tare da raguwa na ɗan lokaci, layin bambaro yana cike da kauri na baya.

Kiwon maruƙa a cikin lokacin madara bisa ga hanyar mutum

Daga cikin manyan abũbuwan amfãni na hanyar da mutum ya ajiye matasa dabbobi a cikin gidaje, da wadannan ya kamata a haskaka:

• ƙananan haɗarin kamuwa da dabba daga sauran dabbobi;
• sauƙin kulawa da maraƙi da kula da gidan;
• karuwar juriya na jiki, wanda shine sakamakon taurin tare da abun ciki na jariri a cikin sanyi;
• tattara dukkan albarkatun jiki, wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka yawan amfanin dabba a nan gaba;
• Ana sauƙaƙa tsarin bincike da kula da maruƙa ɗaya ta likitan dabbobi.

Dangane da illolin hanyar, sun haɗa da:

• yawan kuɗin da aka gama da gidaje da mahimmancin farashi don kayan aiki don samar da kai;
• da bukatar ƙara ƙarar madara don ciyar da maruƙa, saboda accelerated makamashi musayar da metabolism.

Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin wuraren da aka bude na gida akwai matsala tare da yawan sanyi a wasu yankuna. Lokacin da aka sanya shi a cikin irin waɗannan wuraren, wuri na gama gari tare da kwalaye ya kamata a bugu da žari a rufe shi da wani alfarwa ta musamman. A wannan yanayin, an rufe sassan gefe na alfarwa da fim. Idan an yi watsi da irin waɗannan lokuta, cututtuka na tsarin numfashi suna tasowa da sauri a cikin ƙananan dabbobi, kuma gidaje masu filastik na iya zama da sauri.

Hankali! A yankuna masu tsananin sanyi, maruƙa suna buƙatar tsarawa da daidaita abincinsu a hankali don girma da haɓaka yadda ya kamata.

Rukuni

Kiwon yara matasa ta hanyar rukuni shine mafi yawan hanyar kiwon maruƙa a Rasha da maƙwabta. Kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, ana ajiye matasa a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Adadin su na iya bambanta daga mutane 5 zuwa 20, kuma makonni 2 na farko bayan haihuwa, ana ajiye ‘ya’yan a dakunan keɓe daban-daban, kuma bayan haka an haɗa su.

Shuka matasa shanu a cikin hanyar rukuni

Kowane rukunin da aka haɗa ana ajiye shi a cikin wani yanki na rumbun da aka keɓe musamman don wannan dalili, ƙasan wanda aka liƙa tare da bambaro mai yawa. Bugu da ƙari, tare da irin wannan abun ciki, yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye wasu yanayi waɗanda zasu tabbatar da lafiyar matasa da ta’aziyya.

Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun haɗa da:

• tsaftacewa na yau da kullun na wurare, gami da canjin yau da kullun na gado, tsaftace abinci maras ci;
• kammala filin tafiya mai faɗi da aiwatar da tafiya a cikin iska mai kyau sau da yawa a rana;
• samun isasshen yanki don dabbobi su huta, wanda ga rukuni ya kamata ya zama akalla murabba’in murabba’in 10. m;
• kula da kowace dabba na rukuni na yau da kullun don gano marasa lafiya a kan lokaci ko raguwa a cikin ci gaban mutane;
• samar da samari da isassun adadin colostrum.

Amfanin wannan tsarin girma ya haɗa da:

• Sauƙin ciyarwa. Tunda an kafa ƙungiyoyi bisa ga shekaru, ana iya ciyar da su abinci iri ɗaya daga mai ciyar da kowa.
• Saurin daidaita zamantakewa. A cikin rukuni, ’ya’yan shanun sun saba yin mu’amala da sauran ’ya’yan garken, wanda hakan zai sa su natsu. Bugu da ƙari, da sauri sun saba da cin abinci mai ƙarfi, wanda ke sauƙaƙe ƙarin ciyarwa.

Daga cikin gazawar hanyar ya kamata a haskaka:

• Saurin yada kamuwa da cuta idan akwai rashin lafiya na daya daga cikin membobin kungiyar. Idan babu isasshen iska mai inganci da ciyar da abinci mai kyau, haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ga dabbobin duka kusan 100%.
• Ƙarin hadaddun kulawa da kulawa da maraƙi.
• Tsarin tsaftacewa mai ɗorewa wanda ya haɗa da tsaftacewa na yau da kullum na dukan yankin da ƙungiyar ke zaune.

tsotsa

Wannan hanyar kiyayewa ta ta’allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa kulawar maraƙi a zahiri an danka wa saniya. Ana ciyar da jariran da madara da ke fitowa kai tsaye daga nono na saniya. A wannan yanayin, kwanakin farko na 5-6 na maruƙan da aka haifa suna ciyar da iyayen da aka bari tare da su. Bayan haka, an raba duk kananan dabbobi zuwa rukuni na mutane 2-4 kuma an sanya su zuwa saniya guda. A lokaci guda kuma, mahimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don karsana shine rashin mastitis da sauran cututtuka, yanayin kwantar da hankali, da kuma yawan aiki na akalla lita dubu 2 na madara a kowace shekara.

Hanyar tsotsa na renon maruƙa

Don haka ana yin kitso har tsawon watanni 7 ko 8. A wannan lokacin, ƙananan dabbobi suna hulɗa da ma’aikacin jinya sau 3 kawai a rana yayin ciyarwa. Sauran lokacin yana cikin wani shinge na daban, inda akwai masu ciyarwa tare da maida hankali da ciyawa.

Babban fa’idar hanyar ita ce ɗan maraƙi yana ciyar da dabi’a kamar yadda zai yiwu. Milk yana shiga cikin abincinsa tare da zafin jiki mai kyau, ma’adinai da bitamin da suka dace, da kasancewar immunoglobulin. A sakamakon haka, nauyin jariri yana girma da sauri, juriya na jiki ga kamuwa da cuta yana ƙaruwa sosai.

Ana aiwatar da wannan tsari na abun ciki sau da yawa a cikin gonakin nama. A cikin kiwo shugabanci, yana nufin da yawa asarar madara, wanda aka kashe a kan akai ciyar da maruƙa.

Fasaha

Har ila yau, ban da hanyoyin asali, akwai wasu fasahohi don kiwo da kiwon maruƙa a cikin gida da masana’antu. A tsakanin su, sun bambanta a cikin hadaddun matakan da aka ɗauka, yanayin kiyayewa da ciyar da dabbobi.

Hanyar sanyi na renon maruƙa

Wannan fasaha, a cikin ƙayyadaddun ta, kusan kusan iri ɗaya ne da tsarin kowane mutum na kiwon dabbobi a cikin gidaje. Amma ana iya amfani dashi duka don maruƙa ɗaya da kuma ga ƙungiyoyi duka.

Mahimman fasahar ya ta’allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa daga farkon kwanakin rayuwa, ana sanya jarirai a cikin kwalaye na musamman tare da aviaries, waɗanda ke cikin wuraren buɗe ido na duniya. Irin waɗannan kayayyaki ba su haɗa da rufi da kofofin ba. Iyakar abin da suke da shi shine gado mai inganci.

Fasaha ta dace daidai da kiwo da naman shanu. Duk da haka, yana da farin jini saboda abubuwa masu zuwa:

• karuwa mai yawa a cikin hanyoyin kariya na jiki, saboda kasancewar jariri a cikin sanyi;
• sauri girma da ci gaba, wanda aka samu a sakamakon hanzarta tafiyar matakai na rayuwa a cikin jiki da kuma amfani da ajiyar jiki;
• sauƙin kulawa da dabbobi a cikin kwalaye guda;
• ƙananan haɗarin kamuwa da cuta idan an sami barkewar cututtuka masu yawa a gonaki.

Sanyi reno na maruƙa

Babban wahalar aiwatar da wannan fasaha ya ta’allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa kowane irin wannan gida yana da tsada mai tsada. Saboda haka, ba duk gidaje ne ke iya siyan sa ba. Saboda wannan dalili, abun ciki mai sanyi ba ya zama ruwan dare a Rasha.

Hanyar gargajiya

Hanyar kiwon maraƙi na gargajiya ita ce, samari tun daga lokacin da aka haife su har zuwa wani lokaci suna kasancewa tare da shanu balagagge da kuma uwa musamman. Kuma bayan irin wannan noman, duk matasa suna ware su zuwa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.

Babban fa’idodin wannan fasaha shine:

• ƙananan farashin aiwatarwa saboda rashin buƙatar gina gidaje daban-daban da wurare;
• sauƙi na kulawa, wanda aka gane saboda kasancewar saniya da kanta tana kula da zuriya;
• kariya daga maruƙa daga sanyi idan akwai canje-canje kwatsam a yanayin zafi.

Dangane da abubuwan da ba su da kyau, sun haɗa da:

• babban yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar ɗan maraƙi yayin bala’in bala’i;
• sau da yawa jinkirin girma da ci gaba na iya faruwa.

Har ila yau, saboda abubuwan da ke cikin rufaffiyar rumfuna, ƙananan dabbobi na iya haɓaka rashin bitamin D. A sakamakon haka, matakin sha na calcium yana raguwa, matsalolin narkewar abinci na iya tasowa, kuma rickets suna tasowa cikin sauri a cikin dabbobi.

Saboda wasu gazawa masu ban sha’awa ne ake ɗaukar wannan fasaha mara amfani kuma ba a cika amfani da ita a yau ba.

Ciyarwa

Babu ƙasa da mahimmanci fiye da zaɓin hanyoyin da suka dace da fasaha na kiyayewa shine ƙungiyar ingantaccen ingantaccen ciyarwar dabbobin matasa. Haka kuma, abinci mai gina jiki ya kamata a shirya daidai a hankali don duka lokacin kiwo na ci gaban dabba da menu na fattening.

lokacin madara

Domin wata na farko bayan haihuwa, colostrum zai zama tushen abinci ga jariri. Irin wannan samfurin yana da mahimmanci a cikin cewa yana da mahimmancin tushen sunadarai, carbohydrates, fats da amino acid ga maraƙi, wanda zai ba da kyakkyawar farawa ga ci gabansa.

Colostrum ga maraƙi

Bugu da ƙari, amino acid ɗin da ke cikin wannan kayan kiwo na iya ƙara ƙarfin jurewar jiki ga cututtuka. Amma colostrum yana ba da fa’ida mafi girma idan an fara ciyar da jariri na farko ba daga baya fiye da sa’a ta farko bayan calving. In ba haka ba, yuwuwar juriyar cututtuka ta ragu da kashi 20% ko fiye.

Lokacin ciyar da dabbobin matasa da kayan kiwo, ya kamata a bi ka’idodi masu zuwa:

• Ana ciyar da abinci daga sau 4 zuwa 6 a rana (dangane da shekarun jariri);
• a lokaci guda, ana ciyar da dabbar adadin colostrum wanda bai wuce 10% na nauyinsa ba;
• kafin yin hidima, ruwan yana mai tsanani zuwa zazzabi na digiri 37;
• don lokacin ciyar da madara, dole ne a ba wa maraƙi da ruwa mai tsabta mai tsabta, tun da yawan amfani da shi a cikin jiki yana da yawa.

A cikin layi daya tare da ba da kayan kiwo, ya kamata a gabatar da wasu abinci a cikin abincin, amma wannan ya kamata a yi a hankali, farawa da ƙananan ƙananan kuma a hankali ƙara yawan. Tuni daga kwanakin farko na rayuwa, za a iya sanya kananan ƙananan legumes hay a cikin mai ba da abinci. Daga shekaru 3 makonni, sannu a hankali gabatar da abinci mai mahimmanci a cikin abincin, amma adadin sa a wannan matakin bai kamata ya wuce 100 g ba.

A hankali, ya kamata kuma a ƙara ciyarwa a cikin abincin. Misali na cakuda da aka shirya a gida na iya zama abun da ke tattare da abubuwa masu zuwa:

• sha’ir;
• madara mai foda;
• cake;
• ciyar da yisti;
• alli abinci;
• gishiri;
• gari na ganye;
• premix.

Magana. A karshen watan farko na rayuwa, abinci na iya …