Tumatir shine mafi kyawun amfanin gona don greenhouses. Masu kiwo sun haifar da nau’ikan iri da yawa waɗanda aka yi nufin girma a cikin gida. Ana iya yin wannan ba kawai a cikin lokacin sanyi ba – yawancin lambu suna shuka bushes a cikin wuraren noma a lokacin rani (wannan gaskiya ne musamman a yankuna sama da yankin Moscow).
A wane nisa ya kamata a dasa bishiyoyin tumatir a cikin greenhouse
Wasu manoma sun yi glazed mai zafi greenhouses, yayin da wasu da fim greenhouses na bazara-lokacin bazara. Ƙayyadaddun amfanin gonaki ya dogara da wannan. Ana kuma la’akari da nau’in tumatir iri-iri – an zaɓi wani makirci bisa ga abin da ya kamata a dasa bishiyoyi na musamman.
Ƙananan girma
Zai yi kama da ƙananan tsire-tsire kada su ɗauki sarari da yawa. Amma tare da tumatir, ka’idar ta bambanta. Iri-ƙasa-ƙasa ba sa haihuwa, don haka shuka mai tushe da yawa yana buƙatar ƙarin sarari.
Ana kiyaye nisa tsakanin bushes a cikin hunturu da kuma bazara greenhouses 40 cm, a lokacin rani – 0.5 m. Idan waɗannan su ne boles da masu ƙayyade, an bar 1 kara a kan shuka, wanda ke ba ku damar yin ramuka kadan kadan (30 cm).
Doguwa
Duk da cewa waɗannan nau’ikan an kafa su a cikin kututturen 1 ko 2, ana kiyaye nisa tsakanin bushes akan tsari na 70-80 cm. Wannan wajibi ne domin ya fi dacewa kula da shuke-shuke, gudanar da garters da girbi.
Mafi kyawun nau’in tumatir don greenhouse polycarbonate
Hanyoyin saukarwa
Lokacin dasa shuki tumatir a wuraren noma, yawanci ana amfani da tsarin tef. Ana kiyaye sigogi a cikin wannan yanayin bisa ga halaye na al’ada.
Tebur 1: Tsarin dasa tumatir Greenhouse
Nisa iri-iri, cm tsakanin kintinkiri tsakanin layuka marasa girman 80-90 50 tsayi 90-100 60
Lokacin da ake girma tumatir akan tara, ana amfani da hanyar yau da kullun tare da nisa na 60 cm. Tsakanin tsire-tsire shine 40 cm.
Yawan bushes don greenhouse 3 ta 4 da 3 ta 6
Sanin girman greenhouse da nisa a cikin shirye-shiryen dasa shuki, ba shi da wahala a yi lissafin adadin seedlings. An kafa gadaje tare da dogon gefen tsarin. A wannan yanayin, tsawon layuka zai zama 4 da 6 m.
Tare da nisa na greenhouse na 3 m, mazaunin rani zai iya sanya tef ɗaya a cikin layuka 2 a tsakiya kuma a cikin jere na 1 tare da bangon gefe. Akwai layuka 4 gabaɗaya.
Table 2: Matsakaicin sakamakon lissafin
Yawan iri-iri a jere ɗaya, bushes Jimillar bushes 3 × 4 m 3 × 6 m ƙarancin girman / daidaitaccen 10/14 14/20 40/56 da 56/80 tsayi 7 9 28 da 36
Idan kun shirya shuka bushes na tsayi daban-daban a cikin greenhouse iri ɗaya, to yana da kyau a ɗauki tef na tsakiya don tsayi, kuma ku ba da layuka na gefe don waɗanda ba su da girma. Idan kun sanya tsire-tsire a cikin tsarin checkerboard, to, gadon zai iya zama dan kadan.
Yadda ake shuka tumatir a cikin greenhouse
Shirya rufaffiyar daki a gaba, yin la’akari da yanayin tsaftar sa da kuma cire ragowar amfanin gona na farko. Mataki na farko a cikin sabon kakar shine shirye-shiryen ƙasa. An haƙa har zuwa zurfin 25-30 cm. A lokaci guda, takin (1,5-2 buckets / sq.m) da ruwan ma’adinai suna ƙara a ƙarƙashin shebur:
- superphosphate (ko sau biyu) – 100 (50) g;
- potassium chloride – 30 g;
- potassium magnesia – 50 g;
- Sulfates: baƙin ƙarfe da jan karfe – 5 g kowane.
Idan an shuka cucumbers a kan waɗannan gadaje kafin dasa tumatir, to, maimakon takin, an dasa peat sphagnum peat ko sawdust (guga na 1 sq.m.) a cikin ƙasa lokacin tono. Ba a amfani da takin nitrogen a wannan lokacin.
Sai a shuka tumatur a shekara mai zuwa. Abin da za a shuka bayan tumatir
dasa tumatir
Kwana ɗaya ko biyu kafin dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa, an jiƙa gadaje sosai da ruwa zuwa zurfin 10-15 cm. Ana kafa ramuka a ƙarƙashin kowane daji a kan shimfidar wuri bisa ga tsarin da aka zaɓa.
Don yin layuka har ma, kuma an kiyaye matakin saukowa, ana bada shawarar yin amfani da igiya mai shimfiɗa da alama.
Domin namo zabi kawai da-ɓullo da lafiya seedlings. An saukar da shi cikin ƙasa a tsaye, yana zurfafa tare da cotyledons. Waɗannan tumatir da za su haɓaka a kan trellis ana ɗaure su nan da nan zuwa kirtani da aka riga aka miƙe. Bayan an gama dasa shuki, ana kwance gadaje da ke cikin magudanar ruwa kuma an daidaita su da rake.
Kula da tumatir
Girma tumatir a cikin greenhouses yana buƙatar bin ka’idoji na asali. Za su canza kadan dangane da kakar.
Tebur 3: Hanyoyin da za a shuka tumatir a cikin greenhouse
Yanayin A cikin lokacin sanyi mai zafi A cikin bazara lokacin bazara-kaka yawan zafin jiki*
Ƙasar tana dumama har zuwa digiri 18-20. Yanayin zafin iska yana canzawa bisa ga lokacin haɓaka tumatir:
– kafin flowering 22-24 ° a rana mai haske da 18-20 a ranar da aka rufe; da dare 15-16 °;
– budding – alamomi suna haɓaka da digiri biyu;
– fruiting – da yawan zafin jiki yakan da wani 2 °
A duk tsawon lokacin, ana kiyaye alamun zafin jiki iri ɗaya:
– a rana ta 21-23 °;
– a cikin gizagizai 18-20;
– da dare 15-16
Yanayin yana canzawa dangane da watan:
– Yuli-Agusta: 24-26tare da (18-20p) da rana; 16-17 da dare;
– Satumba-Oktoba: a rana mai zafi suna raguwa da 4 °, a ranar gajimare ta 1; da dare don 2;
– Nuwamba: 18-20tare da (17-19p) da rana, 14-15 da dare
Ana kiyaye zafin jiki a cikin ƙasa a 17-18 ° a duk lokacin kakar
Danshi Don inganta pollination, ana kiyaye bushesshen yanayi mai ɗanɗano a cikin greenhouse watering ** Matsakaici, yayin da ƙasa ke bushewa da ruwa 20-25 digiri Ruwa yana da wuya, amma mai yawa. Ya kamata a jika ƙasa zuwa zurfin ƙasa mai albarka. Ana amfani da ruwa mai dumi, ba ƙasa da 15 ° A cikin watanni na rani ba, suna bin tsarin mulkin bazara. Daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba, a hankali suna canzawa zuwa hunturu. Ana yin babban sutura a matakai:
– bayan rooting;
– a lokacin ovaries na farko;
– a lokacin fruiting
Yi amfani da cakuda urea, superphosphate, potassium sulfate
Ciyar da tumatir sau 4-6 a kowace kakar, yana riƙe da tazara na makonni 2-3
Abubuwan da takin mai magani ya dogara da lokacin ci gaba:
– a farkon lokacin girma, rabon potassium da nitrogen shine 3: 1 (ko 2: 1);
– bayan kafa ‘ya’yan itace – 1: 1 (ko 1: 2)
Suna takin ƙasa sau da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran lokuta kuma ba sa ɗaure matakan haɓakawa. Yi amfani da kayan abinci na phosphorus-potassium
*Iskar da ke cikin greenhouse kada ta tashi sama da digiri 30. In ba haka ba, ba pollination na shuke-shuke ko ‘ya’yan itace sa ba zai faru.
** Ana yin shayarwa a cikin rabin 1st na yini, ta yadda da dare za ku iya buɗe greenhouse a cikin aminci don samun iska (wata babbar hanya don rage zafin iska)
A kan dogayen bushes, ana aiwatar da samuwar tushe. A cikin nau’ikan da ke da ci gaba da girma, ba a ba da izinin haɓaka sama da 2 m tsayi ba (binjirar koli).
Alamun cin zarafin gwamnatoci
Lokacin girma tumatir a cikin gida, yarda da tsarin mulki yana ƙayyade ingancin amfanin gona na gaba. Dole ne a sa ido sosai kan ci gaban amfanin gona don a gyara karkacewar lokaci.
Table 4: Alamun karkata a cikin gwamnatocin girma
Bayanin Factor
Rashin cin abinci
Nitrogen
Rashin wani sashi yana bayyana ta jijiyoyi masu launin ja-purple akan ganye. Mai tushe na bakin ciki, ya zama fibrous da wuya
Yawan sinadarai yana haifar da saurin girma na bushes, amma yana rage saurin fure. Ganyayyaki sun juya zurfi kore
Phosphorus
Tare da rashi na cotyledons a cikin tumatir, sun fara girma girma sama. Ƙarƙashin su yana ɗaukar launin shuɗi-ja. Ganyayyaki suna murɗawa, shuka kanta yana jinkirta ci gaba
Yawan amfani da phosphorus yana haifar da ci gaban chlorosis
potassium
Rashi yana rage jinkirin ci gaban bushes, yana mai da su kasala. Ganyayyaki sun zama ganyaye. Na farko, an nannade gefunansu, sa’an nan kuma tagulla sun bayyana; kyallen takarda suna yin launin ruwan kasa kuma su mutu
Saboda yawan abin da ya wuce, ƙwanƙarar furen yana raguwa, launin furanni ya kara tsanantawa, ƙananan ganye suna juya rawaya.
Rashin Magnesium yana haifar da chlorosis. Yankin ganyen da ba a haɗa guda biyu ba ya zama kodadde
Ruwan da ba daidai ba
Yawan danshi yana kaiwa ga rubewar tushen. Launi na ganye fades, sun zama flabby da sag. Girman tabo masu launin ruwan kasa suna bayyana akan faranti. Wani daji zai iya sauke duk ganye a cikin dare. Rashin Amfani Tumatir yana raguwa cikin girma. Ganyen za su shuɗe, suna farawa zuwa rawaya a tukwici. Sa’an nan kuma suka zama launin ruwan kasa, kukure kuma su fadi. Idan matsalar ta taso a lokacin fure, amma furanni kuma suna rushewa
Ba a kiyaye danshi
Ƙananan ganye suna rasa elasticity, kuma tukwicinsu sun juya launin ruwan kasa da lanƙwasa. Gefuna suna rawaya. Furannin sun bushe, daga baya sun faɗi High A kowane yanki na daji, aibobi masu ɓarna suna bayyana, ba kama da waɗanda ke nuna kamuwa da cututtuka masu yaduwa ba.
Tsarin yanayin zafi ƙasa
Babban zafin jiki Daga zafi mai tsawo, ɓangaren ƙasa na tumatir ya juya rawaya, yana farawa daga sama. Idan ba ku ɗauki mataki ba, daji ya zama launin ruwan kasa kuma ya bushe. Tukwici na zanen gado sun bushe, faranti wani lokaci suna murƙushewa. Tushen kuma yana shan wahala, wanda ya ƙare da ban tausayi – shuka ya mutu
Tsawaita cin zarafi na tsarin mulki a cikin greenhouse zai haifar da haɓakar rot, bayyanar mildew powdery, marigayi blight, anthracnose, fusarium da sauran matsaloli masu haɗari daidai.
Nasihu masu Amfani
Domin tumatur ya ci gaba da kyau a cikin rufaffiyar yanayin ƙasa kuma kada ku yi rashin lafiya, ana ba da shawarar ku saurari shawarar ƙwararrun manoma:
- lokacin da ake girma amfanin gona a cikin greenhouses, ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun adadin ƙasa, wanda da sauri ya ƙare idan ba a ciyar da shi ba; lokacin da ake amfani da takin zamani a kan gadaje, ana yin adadin da ɗan girma fiye da filayen buɗe ido;
- kasar gona kanta a cikin greenhouses ya kamata a sabunta kowace shekara tare da Layer na 5-10 cm; idan ana shuka tumatir a cikin tukwane, to ana canza ƙasa gaba ɗaya kowace shekara 2;
- sarrafa tsarin zafin jiki, kada a iyakance ku zuwa ma’aunin zafi da sanyio 2 (a kan ƙasa da kusa da tudu) – yana da kyau a rarraba su a ko’ina cikin greenhouse;
- kar a yi watsi da iska na tsarin – wannan yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a iya daidaitawa;
- lokacin shayarwa, yana da mahimmanci ba kawai adadin danshi ba, amma yawan zafin jiki na ruwa – ruwan sanyi zai haifar da gazawar rigakafi;
- idan tsire-tsire suna nuna alamar rashin wani abinci mai gina jiki, kada ku ƙara hadaddun duka ga gadaje – yi amfani da taki mono- kawai;
- lokacin da tumatir ba su da danshi, lokacin daidaita tsarin mulki, canje-canje kwatsam bai kamata a yarda ba – ana shayar da ƙasa a cikin ƙananan ƙananan, shayar da tsire-tsire a kowace rana, har sai bayyanar cututtuka sun ɓace gaba daya.
Phytohormones irin su “Auxin” zai taimaka wajen ƙara juriya na tumatir zuwa cin zarafi na fasahar noma.
Ƙananan girma da tsayin tumatir – dasa shuki a cikin greenhouse: bidiyo
Yaya nisa ya kamata a dasa tumatir? Nawa mai tushe zai yi? – bidiyo
Ƙirƙirar yanayi mai dadi kawai don girma tumatir a cikin wuraren noma zai ba ku damar jin daɗin ‘ya’yan itatuwa masu kyau a duk shekara. Wannan zai zama mabuɗin girbi mai yawa, wanda za a iya siyar da rarar sa ta kasuwa don ƙara jin daɗin ku.
Kuna iya yin alamar shafi wannan shafi
