Tumatir Berry ne ko kayan lambu? Ko watakila ‘ya’yan itace? Hasashe da gaskiya

Fiye da shekaru 100, rikice-rikice ba su ragu ba game da wane rukuni na amfanin gona na tumatir: berry ko kayan lambu. Dangane da hanyar amfani da noma, kayan lambu ne da ake nomawa don ‘ya’yan itatuwa marasa kayan zaki da ake ci. Masana ilimin halittu suna tunanin akasin haka. ‘Ya’yan itãcen tumatir ne mai nau’i biyu ko nau’i-nau’i masu yawa.

Tarihin bayyanar a Rasha

A cikin ƙasar Peru, Indiyawa sun ci tumatur a farkon karni na XNUMX BC. A cikin kabilu daban-daban, ana kiran wannan al’ada tomati ko tomatl, wanda ke fassara a matsayin babban Berry. Saboda haka sunan tumatir.

Masu cin nasara na Spain sun kawo wannan ‘ya’yan itace zuwa Turai a cikin karni na XNUMX. A Italiya, ana kiran al’ada “taimako d^,oro, wanda ke fassara a matsayin “apple apple”. Anan ne kalmar “tumatir” ta fito. A Spain da Portugal, ana kiran tumatir “pomp del Peru”, wanda ke nufin “apple daga Peru”. “Apple of love” (“pom d^,cupid”) – sunan da aka fi so ga tumatir an karɓi shi a Faransa saboda launin ja da siffarsu mai kama da zuciya.

Carl Linnaeus ya kira wannan shuka “Lycopersicon” – “wolfberry”, saboda ya ɗauki waɗannan ‘ya’yan itatuwa marasa amfani. Dandan ‘ya’yan itacen ya kasance mafi muni fiye da irin na zamani. Sun kasance ƙanana kuma sun ƙunshi solanine da yawa. Na dogon lokaci suna girma a matsayin tsire-tsire masu ado, la’akari da berries da furanni don zama masu kyau.

Jakadan Rasha daga Faransa ya kawo tumatir zuwa Rasha a cikin 1780. Ya karbi matsayin kayan lambu da ake ci a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, godiya ga daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa aikin noma AT Bolotov, kuma ya fara kiransa “aljanna mai cin abinci.” “.

Sannu a hankali tumatur ya zama daya daga cikin manyan kayan lambu a kasashe da dama na duniya. Suna girma ba kawai a cikin ƙasashe masu zafi ba, har ma a cikin greenhouses bayan Arctic Circle. Mafi kyawun masu shayarwa suna aiki akan ƙirƙirar sababbin iri.

Bangaren Tattalin Arziki na Rigimar Tumatir

A Turanci, babu bambanci tsakanin kalmomin “‘ya’yan itace” da “‘ya’yan itace”. Muhimmancin tabbatar da mallakar tumatur ga kowace kungiya ya taso ne tare da bukatar karbar harajin kwastam kan wadannan kayayyakin yayin ketare iyaka.

Rigima ta farko kan tumatur ta taso ne a Amurka. A shekara ta 1893, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa ya kamata a ɗauki ’ya’yan itacen marmari don yadda ake amfani da su kuma a ƙarƙashin harajin kwastan a matsayin kayan lambu. Ba a dauki harajin kwastam daga ‘ya’yan itatuwa ba.

A Turai, a cikin 2001, wannan tambaya ta sake tashi, amma wannan lokacin an gane tumatir a matsayin ‘ya’yan itace, kuma saboda dalilai na kasuwanci. Harajin kan ‘ya’yan itatuwa ya fi na kayan lambu.

Rarrabe ‘ya’yan itatuwa daga mahangar kimiyya

‘Ya’yan itacen shine mataki na ƙarshe na ci gaban furen. An kafa ta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar hadi biyu. Wannan gabobin halitta ne wanda ke aiki don samarwa, haɓakawa da rarraba iri.

A kasashe daban-daban da kuma a lokuta daban-daban, ana rarraba ‘ya’yan itacen tumatir a matsayin kayan lambu, ‘ya’yan itatuwa ko berries.

Babban bambance-bambance tsakanin waɗannan ‘ya’yan itatuwa.

1. Berry shine ‘ya’yan itace iri-iri masu yawa, ɓangaren litattafan almara yana da ɗanɗano, an rufe shi da epicarp na bakin ciki na fata (rufin waje).
2. ‘Ya’yan itacen itacen marmari ne mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano na itace ko itace. Wannan ba kimiyya bane, amma sunan gida. Yawancin lokaci yana nufin manyan ‘ya’yan itatuwa.
3. Kayan lambu kalma ce ta dafa abinci da noma, maimakon m. Bisa ga ma’anar TSCA Farfesa VI Edelstein, waɗannan “tsiran tsiro ne da ake nomawa don sassansu masu ɗanɗano, waɗanda mutane ke ci.” Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da tsire-tsire masu cin tushen, ganye, mai tushe ko ‘ya’yan itace.

Menene tumatir daga ra’ayoyi daban-daban

“Wane rukuni ne tumatir yake?” – Wannan tambaya an yi ta tunani a cikin kasashe daban-daban fiye da karni. Babban ma’anar wannan al’ada sune:

Tumatir na kowa shine amfanin gona na kayan lambu wanda ke tsiro a duk nahiyoyi. Ana noma shi sosai a cikin ƙasa na Rasha (a cikin Arewa mai Nisa a cikin greenhouses da greenhouses). Yawan aiki a cikin ƙasa mai kariya 5-15 kg 1 m²a buɗaɗɗen gadaje 150-250 centns a kowace hectare 1.

• Daga ra’ayi na nazarin halittu, tumatir (lat. Solanum lycopersicum).

Yana da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire (shekara-shekara ko na shekara), na dangin nightshade (Solanaceae). Tsawon tushe daga 30 cm zuwa 5 m. Matsa tushen tsarin, ganye da aka wargaje. Inflorescences – furen fure ko goge ‘ya’yan itace (mai sauƙi, nau’in matsakaici ko hadaddun). Flowers bisexual, kai pollinating.

‘Ya’yan itãcen marmari ne mai ɗanɗano mai ɗaci biyu ko ƙwaya mai ɗabi’a mai santsi ko ribded saman sifofi daban-daban.

• Daga mahangar ma’abocin addini.

Wannan kayan lambu, tun lokacin da yake girma a gonar, ana amfani dashi don dafa abinci na farko, darussa na biyu da salads. ‘Ya’yan itacen ba su da dadi, don haka ba kayan zaki ba ne.

Tumatir ‘ya’yan itace ne, Berry ko kayan lambu?

A cikin Rasha, tumatir, daga ra’ayi na masu ilimin halitta, shine nau’in berries syncarp da yawa, tun da yake yana da fata mai laushi, ɓangaren litattafan almara da ƙananan tsaba masu yawa.

A cikin rarrabuwa agrotechnical, bisa ga hanyar noma, nasa ne na kayan lambu, noma da kuma amfani da shi azaman shuka shekara-shekara, kuma girbi yana faruwa ne bayan ɗan gajeren aiki (fari, sassauta) a cikin yanayi ɗaya.

A Turai, ana ɗaukar tumatir a matsayin ‘ya’yan itace, saboda wannan rukuni na tsire-tsire ya haɗa da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, ciki har da berries da drupes.

Abubuwa 5 masu ban sha’awa game da tumatir

1. Launin berry da aka fi sani shine ja, amma yanzu masu shayarwa sun shayar da ‘ya’yan itace fari, rawaya, lemu, ruwan hoda, kore, ruwan kasa, shunayya, speckled da ratsan launuka.
2. A cikin karni na XNUMX a Denmark, ana ɗaukar ‘ya’yan tumatir masu haɗari sosai. Akwai ra’ayi cewa suna haukatar da masu cin su.
3. ‘Ya’yan itãcen tumatir na daji yana da haske, bai wuce gram 1 ba, yayin da ‘ya’yan itatuwa na nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i nau’i)) yana da nauyin kilo 1,2.
4. ‘Ya’yan itacen ya ƙunshi lycopene, wanda shine antioxidant. Wannan abu yana hana ci gaban ciwon daji da kuma faruwar cututtukan zuciya.
5. A kasashen Jamus, Holland da Faransa, an shuka tumatur a gadajen fulawa a wuraren shakatawa na fadar, tare da alamar gargadi a kusa da cewa shukar na da guba.

Kammalawa

Tumatir na daya daga cikin amfanin gona da ake yaduwa a duniya. ‘Ya’yan itãcen marmari suna bambanta da kyakkyawan dandano da kaddarorin amfani. Sun ƙunshi gishiri mai ma’adinai, carbohydrates, Organic acid, carotene da bitamin.

Bayan nazarin tarihin tumatur mai sarkakiya, za mu iya cewa, duk da cewa ana amfani da tumatur a matsayin kayan lambu, a mahangar kimiyya, idan aka yi la’akari da tsarin ‘ya’yan itacen, yana cikin amfanin gonakin Berry.