Yawan amfanin tumatir shine kawai 30% ya dogara da nau’in da aka zaɓa. Sauran kashi 70% shine yanayin girma da ingantattun ayyukan noma na gadaje na ƙasa. Kafin zabar tumatir iri-iri, yakamata a tantance haƙiƙanin halayen yanayi, ƙasa, kasancewar ruwa mai gudu da abubuwa da yawa daban-daban. An tattara a cikin hoto guda ɗaya, waɗannan “kananan abubuwa” suna ba ku damar kusanci da gangan ƙungiyar girma tumatir.
Yadda ake zabar wurin gadon tumatir
Tumatir suna kula da yanayin girma – asalin yanayin ƙasa na amfanin gona na nightshade yana shafar. A kan shafin don gadon tumatir, ya kamata a ba da wuri mai kyau na rana, an kare shi daga iska.
Yana da matukar wuya a shuka tumatir a wuri guda akai-akai, kamar yadda bayan kowane nightshade – dankali, barkono, eggplants. Wajibi ne a jira shekaru 2-3 don rage yiwuwar barkewar cututtuka waɗanda spores suka kasance a cikin lambun.
Mafi kyawun magabata don amfanin gonar tumatir shine albasa, tafarnuwa, karas, cucumbers, duk legumes ko koren taki masu inganta ƙasa.
Lokacin zabar wuri don lambun tumatir, maƙwabta na kusa a cikin lambun ya kamata a yi la’akari da su.
- Kar a sanya tumatir kusa da dankali. Baya ga cututtuka, suna da kwaro na kowa – Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro.
- Ƙwararrun mazauna rani sun san cewa marigolds da calendula ba kawai suna ado da shafin ba. An dasa shi tare da gefuna na gadaje, furanni suna korar kwari. Phytoncides na tsire-tsire masu ƙamshi suna tsayayya da barkewar cutar marigayi da sauran cututtukan fungal na tumatir.
Tumatir gadaje – menene kuma me yasa?
Tumatir bushes ba sa rashin lafiya kuma suna ba da girbi mai kyau akan ƙasa da aka tsara takin ba tare da ruwa mai tsauri ba. Yawan danshi na kasa yana haifar da annoba na cututtukan fungal. Rashin ruwa yana haifar da ci gaban tushen tsarin. Don neman ruwa, tushen tumatir ya shiga zurfin 1 m.
Idan matakin ruwan karkashin kasa yana da girma, wajibi ne a zubar da ruwan. Gyaran ƙasa wani lamari ne mai wahala da tsada, wanda ya zama tilas lokacin dasa shuki perennials.
A cikin yanayin girma shekara-shekara, ciki har da tumatir, yana da sauƙin shirya gadaje masu tsayi.
“Maɗaukaki” lokaci ne na dangi. Don zubar da ruwa mai yawa, ya isa ya ɗaga gado ta 15-20 cm. Don ba da kyan gani, za’a iya ƙarfafa gefuna tare da tarkace na slate, alluna, da dai sauransu.
Abin da Tumatir ke So – Shirye-shiryen ƙasa
Bayan zabar wurin da ya dace, shirye-shiryen ƙasa shine mataki na biyu mafi mahimmanci a cikin noman tumatir na ƙasa. Ƙasar da ke cikin lambun don girma tumatir fara shirya a gaba – a cikin fall.
Aikin kaka
Bayan karshen kakar wasa, dole ne a haƙa wurin da zurfi don hunturu – kwari masu sanyi da tushen ciyawa na perennial sun daskare, sun tashi zuwa saman. Ƙarƙashin noma (digging), ƙasa mara kyau tana takin. Zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin:
- Organic – 5 kilogiram na humus ko takin (guga bai cika ba) da 1 sq. m;
- ma’adinai da takin mai magani – 50 g na superphosphate (1/4 kofin) da 20 g na potassium salts da 1 sq m.
aikin bazara
Da zaran ƙasan da ke cikin lambun ta girma, dole ne a tono ta kuma a datse ta. Ƙarƙashin tono gudunmawa:
- zubar da tsuntsaye – 1 kg da 1 sq m;
- katako ash – 1 kg a kowace sq m;
- ammonium sulfate – 25 g (1 tablespoon tare da nunin faifai) da 1 sq. m.
Tumatir ba ya yarda da ƙasa acidic. Zai fi sauƙi don dawo da pH zuwa al’ada tare da lemun tsami (kimanin 500 g da 1 sq. M). Lokacin da aka dasa, toka na itace (a karkashin daji – 2 tablespoons) ba kawai deoxidizes ƙasa ba, amma kuma ya ƙunshi duk abubuwan da ake bukata.
Tsarin dasa tumatir – menene ya dogara da shi?
A tsakiyar ƙarshen Mayu, lokacin da haɗarin dawowar sanyi ya wuce, ya kamata a shirya gado don tumatir gabaɗaya:
- An gudanar da shirye-shiryen ƙasa da aka riga aka dasa;
- layuka suna alama;
- an shigar da fuskar bangon waya.
Ya fi dacewa don shuka tumatir a cikin layuka ko kunkuntar ribbon na bushes 2 fadi. Wannan hanyar sanyawa a cikin lambun yana haifar da kyakkyawan microclimate don tumatir:
- Layukan tumatur “kudu-arewa” suna haskakawa da hasken rana a ko’ina cikin yini;
- sarari tsakanin bushes yana da iska mai kyau – mafi kyawun rigakafin cututtukan fungal;
- tsire-tsire suna girma a kan tallafi – ana iya sauƙaƙe su a cikin hanyar da ta dace don tabbatar da yawan ‘ya’yan itace;
- bushes tumatir da aka ɗaure da trellis suna dacewa da ruwa, sauƙin aiwatarwa tare da riguna na sama, sunadarai;
- idan akwai mummunan yanayi, tumatir da ke girma a jere za a iya sauƙi rufe shi da fim ko agrofibre;
- da bayyananniyar lissafi na gadaje tumatir ba ka damar tsara tsarin da ya dace na ban ruwa mai ɗigo da suturar sama.
Tsarin daji da hanyoyin dasa shuki – dangantaka
Dangane da girman daji na tumatir, ƙwararrun lambu sun riga sun yi alamar gadaje ga kowane iri-iri bisa ga halayensa.
Tsawon Shuka iri-iri Sifofin dasa shuki a cikin buɗe ƙasa Ƙaddara da ƙaddamarwa har zuwa 50-60 cm Nisa tsakanin layuka bai zama ƙasa da 40-50 cm ba, tazara a jere tsakanin tsire-tsire ba ƙasa da 30-35 cm ba. Tsawon matsakaici 70-120 cm Mafi ƙarancin nisa tsakanin layuka shine 50 -60 cm, a jere – 40-45 cm. Rashin iyaka har zuwa 2 m (girma ba shi da iyaka, tsunkule saman) Aisles aƙalla 60-70 cm fadi, nisa tsakanin bushes – aƙalla 45-50 cm.
Tsarin dasa tumatir an ƙaddara shi ne kawai ta girman girman shuka. Yakamata a guji yin shuka da yawa. A cikin yanayin rashin isassun iska da kuma yawan danshi, yankunan fungi da rubewa suna tasowa ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Babu wata hanyar da za a yi ba tare da ƙarin jiyya tare da sunadarai ba.
Shirye-shiryen dasa tumatir – wanne za a zaɓa don buɗe ƙasa?
Don samun matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa, tsarin dasa shuki tumatir tumatir a kan gado na bude ƙasa ya kamata a danganta shi da halaye na iri-iri. Don farkon ƙananan girma da kuma ƙarshen-ripening iri mara iyaka, tsarin dasa shuki ya bambanta da tazarar layi da nisa tsakanin bushes a jere.
Zauren gida
Ka’idar sanya seedlings a bayyane yake daga sunan kanta. An yiwa gadon alamar murabba’i 80 × 80 cm. Dangane da nau’in daji, adadin seedlings a cikin kowane “gida” ya bambanta:
- ƙananan da wuri – 2 shuke-shuke kowane;
- matsakaici-sized manyan-ya’yan itace – 1 shuka;
- tsayi marigayi – 1 shuka.
Abubuwan amfani da hanyar suna bayyana a lokacin shayarwa da jiyya. A cikin yanayin zafi, bushes suna inuwar juna daga rana.
Tef
An haƙa rami marar zurfi tare da gadaje – 30 cm ya isa. A cikin rami kanta, a nesa na 30-40 cm, ana dasa shuki a cikin rijiyoyi ta hanyar shuka 1. Tsakanin irin waɗannan “ribbons” suna barin hanyar 70-80 cm.
Amfanin hanyar a bayyane yake:
- ya dace don sanya trellis don tsayi iri iri, ɗaure da samar da tsire-tsire;
- Tufafin tushen, shayarwa, sassautawa da mulching ba sa haifar da matsaloli;
- Tumatir bushes suna da iskar iska da kuma translucent.
Tafe-kwance
Tare da adadi mai yawa na bushes, dasa shuki da yawa na shuke-shuke tare da ribbons ya cancanta. “Tape” ba komai ba ne face layuka 2 na tumatur da aka dasa bushes 2 a kowane rami. Nisa tsakanin “kaset” 2 shine 60 cm. An bar wani yanki na kusan 1,5 m tsakanin kaset ɗin.
Yana da matukar dacewa don shayar da irin wannan gado:
- shimfiɗa tef ɗin ban ruwa na drip tare da mahara;
- kawai jefa bututu da jira har sai ruwan ya jiƙa ƙasa.
Chess
Ka’idar shuka seedlings yayi kama da na baya. Ana sanya tumatir a bangarorin biyu na ramin don shuka na jere na 2 ya kasance a tsakiya tsakanin tsire-tsire 2 na jere na 1st.
Hanyar tana ba ku damar adana sarari da gaske ba tare da cutar da amfanin gona ba:
- dasa shuki ba su da girma – yana da sauƙin sarrafawa, ruwa, girbi;
- tumatir suna da kyau sosai, babu raguwar iska mai daskarewa, an rage yawan maganin sinadarai – amfanin gona yana da inganci da kuma yanayin muhalli.
Kammalawa
Girbin tumatir daga gadon filin bude da ingancinsa ya dogara ba kawai akan iri-iri ba.
Yawan ‘ya’yan itatuwa, lokacin girbi, dandano suna rinjayar abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da makirci don shirya lambun tumatir.
Hanyar da ta dace don zabar makirci zai ba da damar ba kawai amfani da hankali na kowane murabba’in mita na shafin ba, amma kuma ya sami matsakaicin fa’ida tare da ƙaramin ƙoƙari.
Kuna iya yin alamar shafi wannan shafi
