Dasa tumatir a bude ƙasa – kana buƙatar ɗaukar kasada bisa ga ka’idoji

Tumatir tsire-tsire ne masu son zafi sosai, ba sa jurewa danshi mai yawa. Yanayin yanayi na yankuna da yawa yana da wahala don girma tumatir a cikin ƙasa buɗe, amma bai kamata ku yi watsi da wannan hanyar girma gaba ɗaya ba. Yin amfani da wasu nau’o’in nau’i da kuma yarda da matakan agrotechnical yana ba da damar shuka tumatir a cikin filin bude, har ma a cikin yankuna tare da gajeren lokacin rani.

Amfanin noman tumatir a waje

Girman tumatir a waje yana da wasu fa’idodi:

• ƙananan farashi saboda rashin farashi don gina greenhouse da dumama;
• sauki don kula da saukowa;
• high dandano halaye na ‘ya’yan itatuwa girma a cikin yanayi yanayi.

Rashin amfani da bude ƙasa don tumatir

• marigayi dasa a cikin ƙasa da farkon ‘ya’yan itace;
• hadarin mutuwar seedlings a lokacin sanyi sanyi;
• gajeren lokacin girma da girbi;
• hadarin tasowa cututtuka a karkashin yanayi mara kyau.

Wani muhimmin sashi na nasara shine zabin da ya dace na iri

Don buɗe ƙasa, farkon da tsakiyar kakar ana zaɓi nau’ikan da ke tsayayya da cututtuka:

• ƙananan, tare da gajeren lokacin balaga (80-100 days) – “Alpha”, “Lyana”, “Gina”, “Gavrish”, “Marisha”;
• matasan, farkon – “Aphrodite F1”, “Doll F1”, “Lyubava F1”;
• manyan ‘ya’yan itace – “Tolstoy”, “Fashewa”, “Zuciyar Bull”, “Dulya”;
• tsayi mai tsayi – “De barao”, “Vezha”, “Cardinal”, “Scarlet Mustang”.

Mafi kyawun lokaci don dasa tumatir a cikin ƙasa buɗe

Yana da matukar muhimmanci a zabi lokacin da ya dace don dasa shuki, don haka, a gefe guda, ba a yi amfani da tsire-tsire zuwa hypothermia ba, kuma a gefe guda, ba sa jinkirta gajeren lokacin girma. An zaɓi mafi kyawun lokacin shuka dangane da yankin: daga farkon Mayu zuwa tsakiyar Yuni.

Kalanda wata

Ya fi dacewa don dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa a lokacin girma da wata, lokacin da ya wuce alamun zodiac: Taurus, Pisces, Cancer, Libra, Scorpio, Capricorn. Ba a ba da shawarar saukowa a lokacin raguwar wata da kuma cikin kwanaki biyu daga farkon wata da sabon wata.

Yanayin seedling

Lokacin da seedling ya kai shekaru 45-60 (dangane da iri-iri), yana shirye don dasa shuki. Alamomin lafiyayyen seedlings:

• barga, lokacin farin ciki kara;
• ingantaccen tsarin tushen;
• aƙalla nau’i-nau’i biyu na manyan, koren ganye da farkon buds.

Yanayin ƙasa

A lokacin da aka dasa shuki, ƙasa yakamata a ɗanɗana kuma ta dumama da rana zuwa 10 ° C a zurfin har zuwa 20 cm. Dasa tumatir ya fi dacewa da farkon yanayin dumi a hankali (aƙalla 15 ° C) a cikin raƙuman zafi mai kyau.

Dokokin asali don shirye-shiryen ƙasa kafin dasa tumatir

Tumatir sun fi son haske mai kyau, wuraren da rana, kariya daga iskar arewa ta gine-gine ko fikafikan shuka. Ƙasa ta fi dacewa da haske, sod-podzolic, da kyau-taki, tare da tsaka tsaki acidity.

A hankali! Ba a yarda a dasa tumatur a wuraren da ke da saurin zubar ruwa.

Mafi magabata: hatsi, legumes da kayan lambu, sai dankali, marigayi kabeji, barkono da eggplant. Maƙwabtan da ba a so don tumatir su ne dankali, cucumbers da kohlrabi.

Shirye-shiryen ƙasa a cikin kaka

Babban cika ƙasa shine muhimmin ma’aunin agrotechnical wanda ke ba ku damar ƙirƙirar yanayi masu kyau don haɓakar tsiro da haɓaka adadin manyan riguna a lokacin girma. A karkashin zurfin tono ƙasa (20-25 cm), dangane da haihuwa, suna ba da gudummawar 1 m²:

• taki, takin – 6-8 kg ko tsuntsu droppings 3-4 kg;
• superphosphate – 30-50 g
• itace ash 100-150 g.

Hankali! Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da takin nitrogen a cikin kaka ba.

Shirye-shiryen ƙasa a cikin bazara

Idan ba a yi amfani da takin gargajiya ba tun lokacin kaka, kawai ana iya amfani da humus ko taki mai lalacewa a cikin bazara don tono ƙasa. Mako guda kafin dasa shuki, ana amfani da takin ma’adinai, zai fi dacewa hadaddun (urea, nitroammophoska, nitrophoska – 10-30 g da 1 m).²).

Yadda ake taki

Idan ba a yi amfani da takin mai magani don tono ba, a cikin rijiyoyi, kafin dasa shuki, ƙara rabin lita na humus ko takin, 3-4 g na taki mai rikitarwa, kamar cokali biyu na ash.

Kamuwa da cuta

Ana aiwatar da ƙasa kamar mako guda kafin dasa shuki seedlings. Yadda ya kamata zubar da ƙasa tare da rauni mai rauni na potassium permanganate, “Fundozol”, “Fitosporin”, wannan zai rage yuwuwar haɓaka cututtukan fungal.

Ruwa

Idan an dasa tsire-tsire tare da ƙasa mai laushi mai laushi na ƙasa a cikin ramuka mai laushi, shayarwa bayan dasa shuki ya zama kadan. A cikin kwanaki 7-10 na gaba, ba a shayar da tsire-tsire ba, sai dai idan ƙasa ta bushe a yanayin zafi.

Ka’idoji na asali don dasa tumatir a cikin bude ƙasa

Babban hanyar dasa tumatir a buɗaɗɗen ƙasa shine a cikin ginshiƙan kwance ta hanyar amfani da tef, hanyar gida mai murabba’i ko a cikin tsarin dubawa. Dangane da iri-iri da girman daji, wajibi ne don samar da nisa tsakanin layuka na akalla 50-70 cm, kuma a jere – 30-50 cm. Ultra-farko, daidaitattun iri za a iya dasa shuki mai kauri.

Yadda ake shirya rami

Zai fi kyau a shirya a gaba don ƙasa ta cika kuma takin da aka yi amfani da shi ya fara aiki. Zurfin ramin ya dogara da girman tukunyar da yadda ake shuka tsiron, kuma yakamata ya bar tsarin tushen ya zurfafa ba tare da lalata ƙasa ba. Don tsire-tsire masu girma, ana shirya ramukan oblong, wanda aka dage farawa tushen da ɓangaren tushe.

Yadda za a shirya seedlings

Don sauƙin daidaitawa a cikin ƙasa, aƙalla makonni biyu kafin dasa shuki, hardening yana farawa ta hanyar rage yawan zafin jiki a hankali zuwa 15 ° C. Kafin dasa shuki (na tsawon sa’o’i 1-2), ana shayar da tsire-tsire a hankali don kada ƙwallon ƙasa ya faɗi. ban da.

Yadda ake shukawa

Don dasa shuki, yana da kyau a zaɓi yanayin girgije, ba tare da ruwan sama da iska mai ƙarfi ba. Idan yanayin rana ya ci gaba na dogon lokaci, ya kamata a dasa shuki a maraice, bayan aikin hasken rana ya ragu. Seedlings ana shuka su:

1. A cikin raye-rayen kwance – mafi yawan al’ada, hanyar gargajiya.
2. Idan babu isasshen sarari don dasa shuki, ana amfani da sifofi na tsaye (faɗaɗɗen bututun magudanar ruwa, katako na katako ko ƙarfe da aka rufe da masana’anta na musamman ko fim), waɗanda aka shigar zuwa tallafi. Seedlings ana shuka su a cikin shirye alkuki. Lokacin gina gado a tsaye, ya zama dole don samar da yiwuwar shayarwa daga kwandon ruwa ko shirya ban ruwa na drip ga kowane shuka.

Matakan Agrotechnical don kula da tumatir a cikin fili

Ana yin shayar da tsire-tsire tumatir dangane da yanayin yanayi, yayin da ƙasa ta bushe:

• a cikin zafi, bushe bushe – sau 2-4 a mako;
• a cikin yanayin girgije ba tare da ruwan sama ba – sau 1-2 a mako;
• a cikin girgije, yanayin ruwan sama, ba a aiwatar da shayarwa ba.

Ka’idojin shayarwa na asali:

• ruwa ya kamata ya zama dumi;
• za’ayi a karkashin tushen, ba tare da moistening ganye;
• watering ya kamata ya zama mai yawa don danshi ya shiga cikin zurfin tsarin tushen (20-35 cm).

Hankali! Dogayen hutu a cikin watering a lokacin ripening, biye da yawan shayarwa, yana ba da gudummawa ga fashe ‘ya’yan itace.

Sakewa

A hankali kwance ƙasa yana ba da gudummawa ga:

• inganta musayar iska;
• riƙe danshi;
• lalata ciyawa;
• yana ba da tushen numfashi da isar da abinci mai gina jiki.

Ana yin sassautawa a duk lokacin girma har sai layuka sun rufe. Mafi kyawun lokacin sassautawa shine bayan shayarwa da safe ko da yamma bayan faduwar rana. fifiko – aƙalla sau 1 a cikin kwanaki 10, amma mafi kyau – bayan kowane ruwa ko ruwan sama. Dole ne a yi kwance a hankali don kada ya lalata tushen.

Bidiyon ya nuna mataki-mataki yadda ake shuka tsiron tumatir yadda ya kamata a buɗaɗɗen ƙasa.

Shuka abinci mai gina jiki a cikin fili

Ku ciyar kowane kwanaki 10-12 bayan dasa shuki. Adadin su a lokacin girma ya dogara da yawan amfanin ƙasa, iri-iri da nau’in daji. Matsakaicin adadin manyan riguna don haɓaka shuka da samar da amfanin gona guda huɗu:

1. A mataki na farko.

Kulawa a cikin nau’i na kayan ado na sama ya kamata ya tabbatar da samuwar tsarin tushen, girma mai karfi na daji da kuma shimfiɗa goga na ‘ya’yan itace. Ana yin riguna guda biyu tare da jiko na mullein ko taki na kaji tare da ƙari na itacen ash ko hadadden takin ma’adinai, inda nitrogen ya fi girma (nitrophoska, nitroammophoska).

2. Tufafin saman na gaba.

Tare da babban suturar da ke gaba, an rage yawan takin nitrogen, ana ƙara takin potassium don saita ‘ya’yan itace da ripening. Ana yin suturar sama a ƙasa mai laushi bayan shayarwa ko ruwan sama tare da mafita ta taki. A cikin yanayin ƙãra yawan zafi na yanayi, lokacin da yawan danshi zai iya zama cutarwa, ana ba da izinin bushewar hadi, sannan kuma a kwance.

Ba a yarda da aikace-aikacen takin nitrogen ba idan akwai faɗuwar kaifi a cikin zafin jiki ko haɗarin sanyi.

Don ciyar da tumatir, yana da kyau a yi amfani da kayan ado na foliar, wanda ya ba da damar shuka don amfani da takin mai magani da sauri. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman idan dogon lokaci na yanayi mara kyau bai ba da izinin yin suturar tushen lokaci ba.

Muhimmanci! Tsawon lokacin girma na tumatir, ana buƙatar ƙarin takin zamani.

shuke-shuke garter

Bukatar nau’ikan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa, musamman waɗanda aka kafa cikin masu tushe da yawa, da tsayin da ba a tantance ba. Ana yin garter ɗin zuwa ga tsayayyun goyan baya ko ƙwanƙwasa waɗanda aka shimfiɗa a tsakanin ginshiƙai biyu. Zai fi kyau a gyara shuka a ƙarƙashin kowane goga na ‘ya’yan itace. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga nau’ikan ‘ya’yan itace masu girma don kada tushe ya ragu a ƙarƙashin nauyin ‘ya’yan itace. An ɗaure su da zare mai laushi ko zane don kada su cutar da shuka, kamar yadda cututtuka ke yaduwa ta hanyar raunuka.

Ƙananan girma da wuri da ultra-farko iri ba ya buƙatar garter.

Tumatir na mataki

An gudanar da shi don iyakance yawan harbe-harbe na gefe, tun da tsire-tsire a cikin filin bude ba su iya ɗaure da kuma samar da ‘ya’yan itatuwa akan duk harbe da suka bayyana a cikin axils na kowane ganye. Don maida hankali ga sojojin shuka a kan shimfida amfanin gona, an karye babban ɓangaren harbe a hankali, yana barin ƙaramin kututture a cikin ƙirjin don kada sabon harbe ya girma.

Ana aiwatar da matakai a cikin busassun yanayin girgije, aƙalla sau ɗaya a mako, tun da fashewar harbe-harbe (fiye da 5 cm) yana cutar da kara.

Samuwar shrub

Sai kawai ƙananan girma da wuri da ultra-farko iri ba a buƙata. Su da kansu suna iyakance adadin harbe-harbe, ovaries na ‘ya’yan itace da girma na ɗan gajeren lokacin girma.

Tumatir na wasu nau’ikan yana buƙatar ƙirƙirar:

• Indeterminate – a cikin wani tushe.

Don yin wannan, cire duk harbe a cikin axils na ganye a kan tushe na tsakiya. Bayan samu isasshen adadin ovaries, tsunkule saman tushe don ‘ya’yan itatuwa su sami lokacin cika da kuma girma kafin yanayin yanayi mara kyau.

• An kafa nau’ikan ƙaddara a cikin mai tushe 1-3.

Don samar da sabon tushe, ana barin harbi mai lafiya a ƙarƙashin goshin furen da ke ƙasan shuka. Kuna iya tsawaita ciyayi iri-iri tare da ƙarancin girma ta hanyar barin harbin gefe bayan sanya goga na ƙarshe, kuma akan sa zaku iya samun ƙari ɗaya ko biyu.

Ko da a cikin yanayin ɗan gajeren lokacin rani, tare da zaɓin zaɓi na iri iri da kuma bin tsarin matakan agrotechnical, za ku iya samun amfanin gona mai kyau da inganci na tumatir a cikin filin bude.