Large white pig breed
The most common breed of pigs in Russia. The large white breed brought to Russia from England was radically changed and improved as a result of prolonged selection. In fact, a new domestic breed was created, which in many respects surpasses the English Large White. Animals of this breed are white in color, perfectly built, they have good health. The body is wide, long, deep, with a wide back without “interceptions” behind the shoulder blades. The hams are well executed. The limbs are relatively small, without skin folds, with strong hooves and short elastic pasterns. The skin is strong, elastic, without folds. The bristles are not coarse, smooth, densely covering the entire body. The live weight of adult boars is 340-360 kg, sows – 230-280 kg. The length of boars is 175-185 cm, sows – 161-165 cm. The multiple pregnancy of queens is from 10 to 12 piglets with an average weight of a piglet at birth of 1,1-1,3 kg, the live weight of the litter on the 21st day reaches 48-50 kg. By two months, the weight of each piglet is 16-18 kg. With intensive fattening, young animals at the age of 7 months have a live weight of 100 kg at a cost of 4-4,5 feed. units per 1 kg of growth.
Siberian northern breed
The breed suitable for breeding in the harsh natural conditions of Siberia was created on the basis of a combination of the biological characteristics of native pigs, well adapted to environmental conditions, with the positive properties of the factory breed, which has high productivity in good economic conditions.
For this purpose, local short-eared pigs were crossed with large white. Representatives of the Siberian northern breed are distinguished by their strong structure, great endurance and adaptability to harsh conditions of detention. Animals of white color, with a perfectly developed chest, a wide and straight back and well-defined hams. The bristles are long and thick. Adult boars have a mass of 310-370 kg, sows – 230-250 kg. Multiple sows – 11 or more. The average daily gain of young animals for fattening is about 760 g per day, at a cost of 4,0-4,2 feed. units per 1 kg of growth, meat yield in carcasses – 53-54%.
Pigs of the Siberian northern breed of white suit, meat-fat direction of productivity, strong constitution. In appearance, they are similar to pigs of a large white breed, but unlike the latter, they have a denser overgrowth of the body and high adaptability to the harsh conditions of Siberia.
Breit breed
It was bred in the Yaroslavl region by crossing local pigs of the Russian Non-Black Earth region with Danish, medium and large white, Latvian lop-eared and Polissya pigs in the process of first unsystematic, and then purposeful selection. The Breit breed was approved as an independent breed in 1948.
Breit pigs are large in size with long hanging ears. Their head is of medium size with a curved profile; the neck is short, fleshy; ganaches are wide, made; the neck and sacrum are wide, straight, the legs are not long, strong, well set, with strong hooves; the skin is dense, sometimes folded; the bristles are thick, white; there are animals with small dark spots. Pigs of a dense physique, with well-developed meat forms and a posterior third of the body, a strong constitution, use pastures well, consume a lot of succulent feed, are distinguished by exceptionally high reproductive qualities, queens are characterized by good maternal qualities, bring numerous offspring.
Live weight of adult boars – 300-320 kg, queens – 230-250 kg.
Young growth is characterized by a high growth rate, well fattening, consuming a large amount of succulent voluminous feed, and is characterized by high meat productivity. The age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg is 182 days, the average daily gain in fattening is 732 g, feed costs per 1 kg of gain are 3,86 feed units, carcasses of pigs slaughtered with a live weight of 100 kg contain 50,2% of meat and 39,9% fat.
Liven breed
Bred by breeding pigs of unknown origin, bred for a long time in the Central Black Earth zone of Russia. Their homeland is considered to be the Oryol and Lipetsk regions. They got their name from the city of Livny, located in the Oryol region.
Pigs of Yorkshire, Berkshire, Lincoln, Temvor, Polish-Chinese breeds that appeared at the Oryol and Kursk exhibitions took part in the creation of a large array of early maturing highly productive pigs. The breed was approved in 1949.
Pigs of the Liven breed are predominantly white in color, but among them there are also dark-colored animals with gray spots covering a smaller part of the surface of the body. They are large in size, with a long, wide and deep fleshy body, a small head with a curved snout profile and long hanging ears. The backbone is strong, the back is straight, wide, the sacrum is hanging down. The skin is often folded.
The average live weight of boars is 302 kg, queens – 241 kg, multiple pregnancy of queens – 10-11 piglets per farrow, milk production – 53,8 kg, number of piglets to weaning – 10 heads, average weight of a piglet to weaning – 17,2 kg.
Pigs of the Liven breed are highly effective when crossed with pigs of other breeds and used in a hybridization system to obtain marketable pigs for fattening.
Urzhum breed
Bred in the farms of the Kirov region by selection of local pigs, improved with a large white breed. The basis for the creation of the breed was the local large lop-eared pigs, which have long been bred in the interfluve of the Volga and Vyatka in the vast territory of the former Vyatka province. The development of pig breeding in this zone was facilitated by dairy cattle breeding in a vast forest region, which produced waste products from buttermaking and other dairy products. When crossing local pigs with imported breeds, the peasants sought to preserve such valuable qualities of local pigs as multiple pregnancies, adaptability to systemic conditions, a strong constitution, and the ability to grow well on cheap bulky feed. The breed was tested in 1952.
Pigs are large in size, have a long body, well-defined meat forms, high strong legs. The head is medium in size with a slightly curved nose profile, the ears are medium in size. Ganache is light. The chest is well developed. The back is long, straight, slightly arched. The sacrum is wide and straight. The hams are well developed and executed. The sides are rounded, the belly is tucked up. The mammary gland with evenly spaced 12-14 nipples is well developed. The legs are strong, well set, the hooves are strong. The skin is elastic without folds and signs of overdevelopment. The body is evenly covered with soft bristles. The suit is white. The direction of productivity is meat and bacon. Live weight of boars – 320-330 kg, queens – 250-270 kg. Multiple pregnancy of queens – 10,6-11,9 goals.
Young animals for fattening give high average daily gains (730-780 g), economically spending feed (3,7-3,9 feed units) – When slaughtering a live weight of 100 kg, high-quality carcasses with a thin layer of subcutaneous fat and a high content of lean meat, going to the preparation of high-quality bacon.
North Caucasian breed
Created in the Rostov region and the Krasnodar region by complex reproductive crossing of local Kuban pigs with animals of large white, Berkshire, short-eared white breeds with long-term targeted selection.
Pigs of the North Caucasian breed are characterized by a wide head with a snout of medium length, with a slight bend in the profile, a deep and wide chest with rounded ribs without interception behind the shoulder blade. The girth of the chest behind the shoulder blades in boars is usually equal to the length of the body, and in the uterus between these two measurements there is a difference of 5-6 cm. The back and loin are wide, of moderate length, straight; the rump is wide and rounded, the hams are well executed, rounded, deep, descending low to the hock; legs are strong, with a strong hoof. The skeleton is thinner than that of Large White pigs. The bristles are dense, soft, evenly covering the entire body, with a thick undercoat. The color of pigs of the North Caucasian breed is black-and-white, black and partially white. The breed was tested in 1954.
Pigs of this breed are characterized by the following indicators: live weight of boars – 312 kg, queens – 224 kg; the average prolificacy of queens of breeding herds is 10-12 piglets per farrow; the total weight of the nest at 30 days of age is 70-75 kg.
From the end of the 60s. XX century breeding work with the breed is carried out in the meat direction.
Murom breed
Obtained as a result of crossing local pigs bred in the farms of Murom and other areas of the Vladimir region adjacent to it, first with Lithuanian, and then with pigs of a large white breed. Approved in 1957
An important prerequisite for the development of pig breeding in this area was a good fodder base, which has developed due to the cultivation of grain crops, potatoes, and the production of milk and dairy products.
Pigs meat-fat direction of productivity. They have a short, but dense fleshy body of rounded shapes. The head is medium in size with a straight profile and ears hanging forward. Straight, slightly arched back, sloping sacrum. The hams are made, the sides are rounded. The legs are not long, but strong, with strong hooves. The skin is elastic, without wrinkles. The suit is white. The body is overgrown, evenly covered with thick soft bristles. The average live weight of boars is 307 kg, of queens is 249 kg, body length is 179 and 166 cm, respectively. – 10,8 kg.
Young animals on fattening show high fattening and meat productivity: the age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg is 190 days, the average daily gain in fattening from 30 to 100 kg of live weight is 734 g, with feed costs per 1 kg of gain of 3,97 feed units, length carcasses – 98 cm, the thickness of the fat over the 6-7th thoracic vertebrae – 29 mm, the area of ββu33bu2bthe “muscular eye” – 11,6 cmXNUMX, the weight of the back leg – XNUMX kg.
Kemerovo breed
Obtained by complex reproductive crossing of the improved white breed of local Siberian pigs with Berkshire boars, large black breeds and long-term selection.
Breed of the meat-fat direction of productivity. Animals are well adapted to the conditions of Siberia, with a wide body of medium length, well-made hams. The head is small with a noticeable bend in the profile, the ears are erect. The chest is wide and deep. The legs are strong, well set, with strong hooves. The body is covered with thick bristles. The color is black with small white spots on the body and white markings on the forehead, legs and tail.
Since the middle of the XNUMXth century, work has been developing to improve the fattening and meat productivity of the Kemerovo breed pigs through intrabreed selection and the βblood rushβ of Landrace pigs.
Live weight of meat-type boars – 338 kg, queens – 248 kg, body length of boars – 181 cm, queens – 159 cm, queen multiple pregnancy – 11,2 piglets per farrow, milk yield – 58 kg, number of piglets to weaning – 10,1 piglets and the average weight of a piglet at weaning is 19,4 kg.
Kalikinsky breed
Kalikinsky pigs are the product of long-term purposeful work of peasants to improve the local long-eared pig. The breeding of pigs of this breed was favored by climatic, soil and economic conditions. The great demand for young pork stimulated work to improve the meat and fat qualities of bred pig breeds.
As a result of purposeful and long-term work, precocity has been significantly increased (at the age of 12-20 days, the weight of piglets reaches 6-8 kg, and some – 9-10 kg, their carcasses are lined with bacon 0,5-1 cm thick during this period); the age of pigs going to the first mating has been reduced. As a rule, young queens at the age of 6-7 months with a live weight of 75-90 kg occur, which does not adversely affect the further development and productivity of the queens.
Kalikinsky pigs are adapted to eating large amounts of succulent feed. Feed rations usually consist of concentrates – 35-40%, roughage – 10%, succulent – 48-53% and mineral 2%. The share of concentrates in the diets of boars is 45-55%.
Young animals up to two months of age are also fed a large amount of succulent feed.
Pigs of the Kalikinsky breed are characterized by the following indicators: body length – 160-170 cm, chest girth less than the length of the body by 10-12 cm. The head is elongated, the ears are of medium length. The neck is long, the back is narrower. The suit is white. The breed was approved in 1952.
In the selection of pigs in the Russian Federation, breeds of the former republics also occupy a certain place. the USSR – Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states, withdrawn at different times.
Red white belted breed
Meat pigs was approved in 2006. The breed has become widespread in Ukraine and partly in Russia, is in great demand among the population, is successfully used in purebred breeding, in crossings and hybridization, significantly increases the fattening and meat qualities of the resulting offspring.
Breeding boars have a live weight of 300-340 kg or more, sows – 230-250 kg. The color is red with a white belt in the shoulder area, meat qualities are well developed. Multiple pregnancy of queens – 10-11 piglets. Early maturation in fattening is expressed by high daily gains (820-870 g), reaching a weight of 100 kg in 170-180 days with feed costs per 1 kg of growth of 3,1-3,5 feed units, live weight at slaughter of 100 kg gives the yield of meat in carcasses is 61-62% with a thickness of bacon over the 6th-7th thoracic vertebrae of 21-25 mm.
Ukrainian steppe speckled breed of pigs
It was created in the Kherson region by crossing pigs of the Ukrainian white, Berkshire and Mangalitsky breeds. Animals of a motley color of different shades (black, black-red, black-and-white) with a strong constitution, deep and wide chest, a fairly long body, well-developed hams. The live weight of boars is 280-300 kg, sows – 200-220 kg, multiple pregnancies – 10 or more piglets. The average daily gain in fattening is 650-680 g at a cost of 4,0-4,2 feed. units per 1 kg of growth.
Mirgorod pig breed
Created in the Poltava region. Animals of black-and-white color, strong constitution, with a deep and wide chest, with a wide body of medium length and well-defined hams. The weight of adult boars is 290-335 kg, body length is 170-180 cm, in sows, respectively, 205-220 kg. The uterus is brought for farrowing from 10 or more piglets.
The average daily gain of young animals during fattening is 670-700 g, the cost is 4,1-4,3 feed. units per 1 kg of growth, meat yield – 53-55%. Animals are perfectly adapted to the use of pastures.
Poltava meat
The breed was created by the method of complex reproductive crossing of Large White, Mirgorod, Landrace, Pietrain, Wessex-Saddleback, Hampshire and Duroc breeds since 1966.
Animals of this breed of a strong constitution, white color, with well-defined meat forms, have a light head with small, slightly drooping ears, an elongated body with massive hams. Adult boars weigh 320-350 kg, sows – 220-250 kg, their prolificacy – 10,5-11,5 piglets, while piglets weigh 20-22 kg by weaning. The average daily gain in fattening is 780-850 g with the cost of feed per 1 kg of live weight gain 3,4-3,6 feed, units, the thickness of the fat over the 6-7th thoracic vertebrae is 24-26 mm. When slaughtering 100 kg, the yield of meat in the carcass is 61-62%.
Ukrainian meat
The breed has been created since 1981 using complex factory crossing of Large White, Mirgorod, Landrace, Wales, Pietrain, Wessex Saddleback, Ukrainian Steppe White breeds.
The breed is characterized by a strong constitution, white color. The live weight of boars is 310-340 kg or more, sows – 230-245 kg, multiple pregnancies of 10-11 piglets with a nest weight of 60 days – 180-200 kg. Fattening gilts show average daily gains of 780-820 g and a live weight of 100 kg at the age of 177-180 days at the cost of 1 kg of growth of 3,4-3,5 feed. units Both breeds are used in regional pig breeding systems as a paternal form to produce hybrids with good meat qualities.
Breeding boars weigh 300-340 kg or more, sows – 230-250 kg. The suit is red with a white belt in the shoulder area, meat qualities are well developed. Multiple pregnancy of queens – 10-11 piglets. Early maturation in fattening is expressed by high daily gains (820-870 g), reaching a weight of 100 kg in 170-180 days with the cost of feed per 1 kg of growth of 3,1-3,5 feed. units When slaughtered at 100 kg, the yield of meat in carcasses is 61-62%, the thickness of the fat over the 6th-7th thoracic vertebrae is 21-25mm.
Belarusian black-motley breed of pigs
Created by crossing local pigs with Large White, Large Black, Berkshire and Landrace. The breed has a black-and-white color, a long and deep body, a wide straight back, moderately developed hams, slightly short limbs. The mass of boars is 320-350 kg, sows – 210-250 kg. For each farrowing, sows bring from 10-11 piglets. The average daily gain during fattening is 730-750 g, feed costs are 3,9-4,0 feed. units per 1 kg of growth.
Latvian white pig breed
Created on the basis of crossing local pigs with large white and partially white short-eared pigs. According to the type of constitution and exterior, the Latvian white pigs resemble a large white breed. Adult boars have a mass of 310-340 kg, sows – 210-240 kg. Young growth during fattening reaches a weight of 100 kg by the age of 7 months, with an average daily gain of about 700 g. At the same time, about 1 feed is spent per 4 kg of gain. units Pig carcasses contain 54-55% meat.
Lithuanian white pig breed
Created by crossing local pigs with Large White, German long-eared and short-eared breeds. Animals of this breed of white color, according to the constitution and exterior, resemble a large white breed. The mass of boars is 310-340 kg with a body length of 170-175 cm, sows – about 240 kg and 152-155 cm.
Estonian bacon breed
White suit, in appearance very similar to animals of the Landrace breed, has a stronger constitution and better adaptability to local conditions. Adult boars have a mass of 320-330 kg, a body length of 180-185 cm, and sows, respectively, 220-240 kg and 160-165 cm. The prolificacy of sows is 11 or more piglets.
The average daily gain in fattening is 700-750 g at a consumption of 3,75-3,85 feed. units per 1 kg of growth. The content of meat in carcasses is 58-60%.
Quite widely used in the creation of meat breeds in the Russian Federation are breeds of foreign selection: Pietrain, Landrace, Duroc, large black breed.
Petren breed
Released at the beginning XIX in. in Belgium by crossing the English Large Trouble breed with the Berkshire.
Pigs of this breed have a wide body, meaty and well-developed hams, and are not prone to obesity. The mass of Pietrain boars is 230-270 kg and sows – 210-240 kg.
Sows are not very prolific – 7-8 heads per farrow. Young growth by 7-8 months is gaining a mass of 100-120 kg with a feed consumption per 1 kg of growth of 5,4-6 feed. units
The color of the pigs of this breed is mostly white with gray or black spots, the ears are erect.
Pietrain pigs are demanding on the quality of food and get excited faster in stressful situations compared to other breeds.
Landrace breed
Created in Denmark by crossing a local Danish breed with a Large White. Animals are white in color, have a long relatively narrow body, with large hanging ears, wide pronounced hams. The average daily gain of young animals during fattening is 700-750 g at a cost of 4,0-4,1 feed. units per 1 kg of growth. The yield of meat in carcasses is 57-59%. Queens bring 10-11 piglets to farrowing. Animals of the bacon direction of productivity are quite demanding on the conditions of detention and diet.
Duroc breed
Bred in USA in 1883. The color of Duroc pigs is red, from golden to dark cherry or yellow-brown. Pigs of this breed are of large build, with coarse bones and stiff bristles, a small head and wide floppy ears.
The Duroc breed of pigs has a deep and wide sternum, a slightly convex back. The body is compact, of medium length, deep and wide. The ham is full. The limbs are strong.
Adult boars reach a mass of 340-380 kg, uterus – 250-310 kg. Sows are infertile – 9-10 piglets per farrow. Slaughter yield over 86%. The total weight of piglets at three weeks of age is 141 kg (14-16 kg each). Therefore, purebred breeding of Durocs has not received mass distribution. They are used to obtain pedigree hybrids.
Large black pig breed
Created in England at the end XIX in. by crossing local long-eared breeds with Neapolitan and Chinese breeds. Animals of medium size, black color, somewhat loose constitution. The mass of boars is 280-310 kg, sows – 190-215 kg, multiple pregnancies – 9-10 piglets. Gain in fattening 670-690 g per day, costs – 4,1 – 4,45 feed. units per 1 kg of growth. Large black pigs are used for crossing with white breeds.
